Juvenile Justice Essay

The Juvenile Criminal Justice System and Adult court framework have numerous simalities and contrasts. While the Juvenile Justice framework is increasingly worried about recovery of the Juvenile so he wont contine with more wrongdoing when he become a grown-up , the grown-up court sytem is looking hope to rebuff the grown-ups with progressively brutal time, and outcomes. They share similarlites, for example, procedural shields to ensure their privileges and furthermore the two of them reserve the option to councel to help protect they self. Despite the fact that both court framework are ment to rehabilate and rebuff or temporary re-route criminal from more crimal conduct we need the two of them to keep America safe and to contine our quest for satisfaction. The adolescent equity framework and the grown-up equity framework share their shared traits and contrasts. For instance, the adolescent equity framework makes it the point to restore as opposed to rebuffing adolescent delinquents. Notwithstanding, one must mull over that discipline is as yet a plausible idea inside the adolescent framework, however it is utilized judiciously as a â€Å"last resort.† In occasions of discipline for a youngster who is blamed for a terrible wrongdoing, the person might be attempted as a grown-up (Goldstein, 2007). As indicated by Dr. Goldstein (2007) there are a few similitudes between the two equity frameworks as he expresses that â€Å"the police, legal executive, and redresses have circumspection comparative with dynamic in both systems.† For those grown-ups and adolescents that concede blame there is an arrangement of procedural shields to ensure their privileges. Furthermore, different shared traits between the age isolated gatherings incorporate request dealing, just as the privilege to hearings and bids. Notwithstanding, when grown-ups are gone after for wrongdoings, they are attempted in the grown-up court, while adolescents are attempted in the adolescent court. Different contrasts exist, as Goldstein (2007) further expresses that â€Å"juvenile procedures are not seen as criminal,† and that â€Å"juvenile records, court hear ings, and so forth are private and not ordinarily open; grown-up records are public.† Most adolescents get probation after conviction and the adolescent framework altogether is a lot of like the middle of the road authorizations of grown-up amendments. When an adolescent guilty party is put waiting on the post trial process he/she will be requested to partake in some instructive, directing or compensation programs while waiting on the post trial process. Post trial agents go to the schools the adolescents join in, to limit the potential for increasingly crime (Clear T. Cole G. Reisig M. 2009).The adolescent restorative framework warrants and gets more consideration than the grown-up frameworks. Why not nip wrongdoing in the butt when it is available in more youthful guilty parties to limit the capability of future hoodlums? At the point when little youngsters see that they have the opportunity to change and carry on with a superior life, I accept generally they will. The two adolescents and grown-ups reserve the option to guide in court procedures. By the by, adolescents might be spoken to by court delegated advocates who post for the juvenile’s â€Å"best interest,† as a parent would for their kid; with right approac hes to enable the youngster to restore. On account of grown-up preliminaries, court selected backers might be speaking to the denounced, however the â€Å"best interest† lies in lessening or previous the sentence, not restore (Goldstein, 2007). In the instances of the two gatherings, a â€Å"traditional† guidance might be recruited to speak to the individual While fair treatment is given to all (adolescents and grown-ups the same), adolescent guilty parties appear to be assisted more than grown-up wrongdoers. Additionally, youngsters attempted as adolescents can't be condemned to grown-up correctional facilities or jails. There are numerous discussions over these and the other previously mentioned rehearses, with pundits and advocates on all issues, yet I for one think the framework is acceptable and it can just improve with time.

John Steinbecks East of Eden: Modern Biblical Story of Cain and Abel E

John Steinbeck's East of Eden: Modern Biblical Story of Cain and Abel And Cain conversed with Abel his sibling: and it happened, when they were in the field, that Cain ascended against Abel his sibling and slew him. Also, the Lord said unto Cain, ' Where is Abel thy sibling?' And he stated, ' I know not. Am I my sibling's attendant?' And he stated, ' What hast thou done? The voice of thy sibling's blood crieth unto me from the beginning. Also, presently thou craftsmanship reviled from the earth, which hath opened her mouth to get thy sibling's blood from thy hand. At the point when thou tillest the ground it will not from now on yield unto thee her quality; an outlaw and drifter shalt thou be in the earth.' And Cain said unto the Lord, ' My discipline is more prominent than I can hold up under. Observe, thou hast driven me out this day from the substance of the earth, and from thy face will I be covered up. Also, I will be an outlaw and a drifter in the earth (Genesis 4:8-1, KJV). The narrative of Cain and Abel is presumably one of the most brutal and agitating accounts of the Bible. It is likely the most agitating on the grounds that it comes clean about humanity. Dismissal is the one thing that all of humankind fears, and when one is dismissed annoyance follows. With outrage comes the need to carry out a wrongdoing of retribution, and with this wrongdoing comes blame. Nearly everybody has encountered this here and there. East of Eden (1952) by John Steinbeck is a cutting edge retelling of the scriptural disaster of Cain and Abel. The story is reenacted through the lives of two ages of the Trask family. Cyrus Trask, the patriarch of the family and his two children Adam and Charles live on a ranch in Conneticut. Charles shouts out in anguish for his dad's adoration, however his dad disregards his cries and cherishes Adam best... ...il and do goodness. John Steinbeck composes, We have just a single story. All books, all verse, are based on the ceaseless challenge in ourselves of good and shrewdness. What's more, it happens to me that fiendishness should continually respawn, while great, is undying. Bad habit has consistently another new youthful face, while righteousness is admired as nothing else on the planet may be (415). In East of Eden, John Steinbeck makes this lot of good and shrewdness. The entirety of the characters are confronted with acceptable and abhorrent, and just one can triumph over malevolence. Cal is the portrayal of what everybody can be. It is workable for everybody to conquer detestable on the off chance that the individual in question chooses to wreck the malevolence inside their spirit. WORKS CITED Steinbeck, John. Penguin Twentieth-Century Classics: East of Eden. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1992. The Bible. Lord James Version. World Bible Publishers, Inc.

Training and development 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Preparing and improvement 10 - Essay Example utilization of significant distance instructional advancements is making it workable for instructional meetings to be profited to progressively huge quantities of people in different areas everywhere throughout the world. This has assumed a significant job in helping spreading the effect of preparing and advancement to different organizations all around (Natale, Libertella and Hayward 154-155). The utilization of the cutting edge preparing advancements is helping help enormous quantities of people in their learning, this is for the most part in light of the fact that the substance to be prepared on can be normalized and perhaps created in a manner that it is conceivable to rapidly refresh it to conform to any new rising improvements in the field (Natale, Libertella and Hayward 154-155). The ongoing pattern is significant as it empowers an ever increasing number of individuals to take part in preparing and improvement openings. The new advances in mechanical showing materials, for example, multi media introductions are making it simpler for individuals to have the option to all the more likely comprehend the exercises content just as build up the required

Critical evaluation of 4 Ps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Basic assessment of 4 Ps - Essay Example This significance of Nokia is only for the explanation that, it recognizes the center of brand should be depicted in everything that the organization does, especially those that impact the clients (Hooley and Graham, 2008). The item configuration is clearly critical to the achievement of the item, however the inquiry emerges that how the Nokia regulates to embed characteristics in item structure? The reaction is that it gives their client a lot of thought to utilize their telephones. The huge showcase screen, for instance, is the â€Å"appearance† of the telephone. The outline of telephones is angled and simple to get a handle on. The portable packaging and different highlights, for example, hues and functionalities can be modified by the user’s character, lifestyle, and attitude of the client. The delicate keypads likewise put in the incredible arrangement of sympathy and solace, articulating the brand nature. Item configuration stresses on the client and their needs, and this can undoubtedly be summed up in the catchphrase â€Å"human technology’’ (Kotler and Pfoertsch, 2006). Be that as it may, in the USA, Nokia status has begun shaking. It drove the 40% portions of the American market in 2008 with its Symbian OS in 2009, 33% Apple’s iPhone began taking business sector and some different organizations, for example, Motorola, HTC, Samsung and so forth presently shares in nearly 5% of the American market. Nokia’s huge contenders are Samsung, Apple and HTC (Ewan, 2010). Showcasing Mix 4P’s Nokia is using effectively its 4P’s Price Place Promotion Product Price controls the brand cost in two different ways (1) search at the least cost to avoid money related hazard or (2) look for the more significant expense to pick up the item quality (Kotler and Pfoertsch, 2006). There is a particular class of clients for which the cost is crucial particularly while thinking about things for ordinary use. In this situati on, a few clients may likewise pick the brand since they are offered at least costs, while a few clients want to purchase significant expense since they accept that more significant expense things are of high caliber. The telephones that Nokia is delivering are habitually sold at significant expenses. The estimation of new innovation begins decreasing following two months of its starting time. Nokia telephones are for the most part sold at ?200+, on the off chance that they convey the most recent innovation. The costs of such innovation are generally founded on contenders and rivalry, however they constantly attempted to be inside the methodology of their clients, they generally mull over their clients (Gabrielssona and Gabrielsson, 2008). Spots Nokia telephones are accessible and for the most part sold everywhere throughout the world. A portion of the prestigious vendors or retailers of this item are Advance telecom, United versatile, Mobile zone, The Find (Dubai), Dixon‘s an d other Electrical providers. Advancements Advertising which should be possible through the TV (arrangement of Nokia Lumia Ad one with Priyanka chopra), Bill sheets (everywhere throughout the world they are utilizing boards to advance Nokia), Radio and Newspaper, Posters Dummies and show stands. Nokia is additionally doing their advancement by giving item trainings to understudy for which they had orchestrated exceptional instructional courses in different foundations. Advancement is one of the essential viewpoints to center upon in this mechanical industry. Henceforth every organization will undoubtedly utilize all weapons of promoting which incorporates forefront

Management And Leadership Example

Management And Leadership Example Management And Leadership â€" Essay Example > IntroductionA review of ‘leadership’ and ‘management’ literature reveals the two concepts are different yet still overlap. Two different views explain the overlap. Robbins et al (1998) provides the first view, which perceives leadership to be a superior form of management. In which case, leadership is essentially management that has been effectively executed. Hanold (2014) also provides the second perspective, which originates from the standpoint that management entails what persists within an organization. To this end, leadership and management overlap, as leadership is in essence a vital management skill. Therefore, the reasoning that management contains some principles of leadership is sensible because of the overlap. Still, it could as well be reasoned that making a distinction between the two terms is crucial; otherwise, organizations would be set for failure. One reason for this is demonstrated by Hanold (2014) in his argument that failure to differentiate them leads to a situation where management potential denigrates while leadership is exalted. Hanold (2014) also argues that confusing the two terms leads individuals to perceive leadership as capable of remedying all forms of dilemmas in organizations. This is perilous, as leadership and management all play fundamental roles in an organisation. It is based on this reasoning that this paper describes the difference between leadership and management before commenting on the manner in which leadership and management is practised at a given school. It further examines three leadership types: ethical leadership, strategic leadership and transformational leadership. 1. (a) The difference between leadership and managementFirst, a manager is an action character while a leader is a visionary. In Lopez’s (2014) view, the difference between management and leadership is inherent in the roles of a manager and a leader. While a manager is an action character, a leader is a visionary. Nayar (2013) descr ibed the roles of a manager as intrinsically possessing stereotypically decision-making roles, and indicating a definite form of status. Hanold (2014) agrees with such an observation and posits that a manager does the decisional roles, including allocating resources and tackling disturbances. At this juncture, the implication of status, or hierarchy, denotes that unlike leaders, managers do have subordinates, who have to work under them to set things right within an organizational setting. In which case, their power and authority over others is in terms of a formal authority (Robbins et al. , 1998). From this perspective, it becomes clear that managers have a transactional and authoritarian role. In a current school scenario, the dean of the faculty is a manager, as he has a formal authority vested in him by the university, while his subordinates comprise the lecturers and other members of the faculty staff, who work for the dean and largely follow directions given or preferred by the dean. His management style is also transactional, in a sense that he directs the lecturers and other members of the faculty staff on what to do, while they in turn do this as they have been promised a reward, including a salary. Second, management is concerned with ensuring the survival of an organization while leadership is concerned with people development. Hanold (2014) views the difference between management and leadership in term of ethics. He asserted that leaders tend to be more vital than managers due to their ethical behaviour. He argues that management lacks definite moral or ethical dimension, while merely seeking to serve the interests of certain groups, such as the shareholders. What this shows is that management’s chief concern is organisational survival. Therefore, when ethics is removed from the concept of leadership, then management would be left. Essentially, much of the literature surveyed appeared to focus on a single aspect of managerial work that is con cerned with action. They attempted to define management as intended to do things in the right way, plan and budget, control, solve problems, and generate results that can satisfy stakeholders.

Explain Research Methods and Elaborate on Implications - 1925 Words

Establishing Causality is Difficult Whether Conclusions have been Derived Deductively or Inductively (Term Paper Sample) Content: Business Research MethodsName:Industrial Affiliation:Business Research Methods1. Establishing causality is difficult whether conclusions have been derived deductively or inductively.I) Explain and elaborate on the implications of this statement.To meet the standards of causation, it is prescribed that a certain cause must only result to a specific result. For instance, if A is equal to B, then we expect to find only B in instances where we find A. In other words, if we can find B and only B in all instances where we find A, then we conclude that A and B are causally related. Thus, it is theoretically expected that for a causal relationship, a specific cause must be the only factor that leads to the implied result. However, in a practical aspect, it often seen that various causes and effect intertwine and are interdependent, thus it is difficult to implicitly conclude that the specified result is a cause of a specific cause whether you carry out your research deductive ly or inductively.ii) Why is ascribing causality more difficult when conclusions have been reached through induction?Attributing cause and effect is more difficult using inductive methods. First, inductive reasoning relies on the process of establishment of patterns or relations from the collected data. However, it is obvious that there are several causes to a specific result. Thus, in ascribing causality using inductive reasoning, it is more probable to come across several probable causes to a specific result or several probable results from a specific cause. Thus, the researcher is mainly boxed into determining casualty given ceteris peribus. Secondly, one is never hundred per cent when partaking in inductive reasoning. This is because inductive reasoning is limited to the data available at hand. Therefore, it is likely that a relation might exist that is not included in the data. For instance, most stock market crashes are due to flawed inductive reasoning. Finally, ascribing cau sality is more difficult in inductive reasoning due to bias. Every human is predisposed to suffer from confirmation bias. This is because specific trends exist which are expected. This might cause some difficulty in the determination of the relationship between cause and effect.iii) Correlation does not imply causation. Illustrate this point with examples from businessThe assumption that correlation implies causation is a fallacy better explained by its Latin terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cum hoc ergo propter hocà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ which means that if a result occurs with this consequence, then it is assumed to be the cause or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pro hoc ergo propter hocà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ which assumes an effect if the result usually occurs after the specified action. However, this is no true. For example, it is observed that when a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s debt rises above 90 per cent, GDP slows. Thus it has been falsely assumed that high debt causes a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s growth rate to slow. This is a factor that has been proven to be false since increase in debt actually increase the money in circulation above the capacity of a country, hence paving way for more development. It is also observed that those who source capital for their own businesses are more likely to succeed than those who source capital from external sources. Thus, it is assumed that sourcing money from your income increases the chances of success of the business. However, it is the fact that those who source their money tend to be more dedicated to the business and tend to put more effort in management that leads to success of the business.2.a) Identify and give a detailed discussion the five issues (questions) that a researcher needs to answer when designing a sample for a study.How will the sampling error and non-sampling error be balanced? In retrospect, the researcher must determine how to balance the errors due to sampling. The researcher must first evaluate what errors can occur if he uses a sample of the population . This should be considered in design where the study should be designed such that these errors are minimized. For instance, using cluster sampling in the case that the population characteristics varies greatly. In non-sampling error, the designer should ensure that methods used cause as little error as possible.What is the relevant population? In this case, the population being taken into account must be considered. This will inform the designer on the methods of research to be chosen in order to access as much data as possible.What is the suitable margin of error to be achieved? In the case, the researcher should consider the errors that the research is allowing to include during the research. This ensures that the methods of data collection and analysis are chosen such that they give allowance to errors likely to be present.What is the relevant sampling unit? In this case, one should factor in the population and consider the most representative single unit. For instance, in a far ming community in a rural area, the most appropriate unit would be in the urban center with the major market since all of the population is represented.What is the appropriate sampling frame? Here, it is important to choose the frame that is most representative of the unit being researched. For instance, a directory would not be an appropriate sampling frame for a research entailing single unit shops.b) Give a detailed description and comparison of the five probability sampling designs (simple random sampling, systematic, stratified, and cluster) and clearly discussing their advantages and disadvantagesIn simple random sampling, it is assumed that each of the population has an equal probability of being selected. Sampling is done with or without replacement where units are selected at random and each unit given a number. The population characteristics are assumed to be uniform. This sampling is especially advantageous in that it is very economical and time saving. It is also simple to carry out thus requires little skill in execution. However, the method is disadvantageous in that it assumes that the population is uniform and if that was not to be the case, the errors accrued would be tremendous.Systematic sampling (interval random sampling) involve a strategic design to ensure equality in the sampling process. In this case, an interval is presented after which a unit is picked. This ensures that there is equal representation of the whole population. This sampling is especially useful in that it ensures equal representation of units in sampling. However, it can be disadvantageous in that it might facilitate insufficient data collection.Stratified sampling is where data is first grouped according to various characteristics and then samples are chosen from the group. It can be divided into proportionate stratified (the strata sample size are made proportional to the strata population size) and disproportionate stratified (varying sampling is used). This method is especially advantageous in that it ensures that the quality is high and also ensures that most of the population is represented. However, it has a downfall in that it makes the researcher susceptible to pro bias incase inductive logic is used.Cluster (Area) sampling is where the sample is first grouped according to the most basic characteristic to be considered. Sampling is then made according to all the stages of the cluster. The advantage of this is that it enables comparative analysis can be done after the research to determine extra...

Coffee s Effect On The Global Balance Of Power - 1292 Words

16. Describe coffee’s effect on the global balance of power (in terms of commerce). Coffee has not only impacted the world socially, but it provides financial means for many countries who export their coffee beans. Just like any alcohol, coffee was a major economic item and it helped the economy grow in many different places. 17. How did coffee play a pivotal role in the scientific revolution? Before coffee there were two choices for hydration - water or alcoholic beverage. The water was not purified so it often made people sick. The alcohol would purify the beverage but made everyone drunk. Coffee, boiling water actually, gave a new source of fluids that was not alcoholic, was not full of microbes, and the caffeine gave a little kick. This discovery allowed scientists to look inside the creation and process of making coffee, and played a role in the scientific revolution. 18. How did coffee play a role in the â€Å"financial revolution†? The new drink of coffee and the shops in the City of London where it was commonly sold became the furnaces of the financial revolution. Wealthy, influential men met in these coffee shops and began to trade in stock and shares, and, famously, insurance. Lloyd s of London, the world s largest insurance market, began in Edward Lloyd s coffee shop. As stated earlier, many of the drinks listed in this book are huge economic items, and always give the local economy a good boost. 19. How did coffee play a role in the French Revolution? PeopleShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Coffee On The Global Balance Of Power987 Words   |  4 Pages2. Why was it so important to Europe s development that many people s beverage of choice switched from alcohol to coffee? ï  ¬ Coffee makes the drinker more alert and, therefore, more productive. It sharpens the mind and focuses the drinker. Alcohol has the opposite effects. 3. Describe coffee s effect on the global balance of power (in terms of commerce). ï  ¬ Coffee had lots of demand, but little supply. The country that could grow and export the most coffee had a substantial economic advantage overRead MoreThe Globalization Of Coffee : The Positive Impact Of Globalization1561 Words   |  7 Pagesfields of business, the coffee industry is been impacted equally directly and indirectly. Some corporations have taken such a simple product and turned into an everyday life. According with the article â€Å"Coffee days† (2011), cheap chain coffee shops have significantly changed the social space. Globalization impacts all aspects of the coffee supply chain since the consumption of coffee in the developed world influences those in the developing world. 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Some toxins that are released byRead MoreStarbucks Marketing Audit2228 Words   |  9 Pagesmarketing strategies to facilitate business growth. Starbucks Starbucks, a key performer in the gourmet coffee sector and also in the specialty Eateries industry is segmented in the service industry. Starbucks was first introduced in Seattle, Washington USA in 1985, and then worldwide. Starbucks specialises in brewed coffee, hot chocolate, espresso – based drink, teas, frappuccinos and fruit smoothies. From 2008 onwards Starbucks owned over 16,226 stores worldwideRead MoreSituational Analysis of Starbucks13207 Words   |  53 Pagesand internal analysis. At first we discover the history of Starbucks and how influence grew into a huge success. Then, upon the external analysis, we discover more on the coffee industry as a whole. We explore on how the roles of the General environment are dissected as the competing grounds for the coffee industry. Then, we delve into the driving forces and decipher what moves the rivals into competition. Upon the industry analysis, we move into the intricate details of market growth

The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights - 1708 Words

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, states that everyone has the right to education despite race, religion, color, sex, national origin, ethnic origin, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights, yet millions of children and even adults throughout the world are left uneducated. Seven-hundred and eighty-five million adults worldwide are threatened by illiteracy alone. That translates to one in every five people who lack basic reading skills and two-thirds of this population is made up of women. Poverty, discrimination, and inequality, are key reasons as to why individuals don’t receive a good education or any education at all. Education is a fundamental human right that promotes†¦show more content†¦80% of them are in developing countries and nine out of ten of them do not attend school. 11% of all children in the world are working instead of learning due specifically to child laboring practices, but also to h elp support the family and bring in income (â€Å"Ten Reasons Why Children†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). However, if this is not the case, it is still a hassle to come up with the money to pay school fees, buy uniforms, and school supplies. The average cost of education per student increased from $3,400 in 1965 to $8,745 in 2001 and almost 70% of families removed certain schools as a choice because of costs compared to the 58% who did so in 2008 (â€Å"Fewer Parents Can Pay...†). By reducing the cost for a parent to send their child to school, the benefits of schooling become more prevalent and most parents will choose a better future for their children and send them to school. After abolishing school fees in Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, enrollment increased from 3.4 million to 5.7 million students in Uganda in 1996; from 5.9 million to 7.2 million in Kenya in 2003; and from 1.5 million to 3 million in Tanzania in 2002 all within the first year (â€Å"The Case For†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). On the other hand, most schools are publicly funded through the government and these funds come from taxes paid by the people, but because of impoverishment the amount of funding that goes towards education is hardly ever enough. Annual expenditures per full-time student for elementary and secondary education in the United

Perspective vs. Prospective How to Choose the Right Word

The words perspective and prospective are similar, and they share the same root,  a Latin word meaning to look. The different prefixes (per- and pro-), however, result in different meanings. The prefix per- means thoroughly or completely, while the prefix pro- means before in place or time, or a look forward. How to Use Perspective In a general sense, the noun perspective refers to an attitude, an outlook, a set of ideals, a point of view, or a context. In drawing, painting, and photography, however, it refers to a way of portraying (1) three-dimensional spatial relationships on a two-dimensional surface, (2) the angle from which something is viewed, and (3) the proper appearance of objects in relation to each other. The word came into Middle English from the Latin word perspectivus, meaning to look through. How to Use Prospective The adjective prospective is future oriented. It means likely or expected to happen or become in the future—in short, a likely outcome. The word comes from prospectivus (note the different prefix), a Latin term meaning to look toward the future. Examples Using Perspective These sample sentences using perspective will help illustrate the words meanings: The movie retells the Frankenstein myth from the perspective of the creature. Here perspective means an outlook or point of view.The artist often used perspective to give depth to her street scenes. In this example, the word means an artistic way of adding a third dimension to a two-dimensional work.Studying history can help put the problems of our own time into perspective.This use of perspective means put into context. Examples Using Prospective These sentences are examples of the future-looking meaning of prospective: Stricter requirements for prospective parents have made international adoptions more difficult in recent years. This example and the one below illustrate the use of prospective to indicate a likely outcome and a view of a potential future.Sharon was lost in thought, evaluating Brian as a prospective husband, before agreeing to see him again. Idiomatic Uses of Perspective Here are some idioms, or expressions using a word such as perspective that are recognized as having different meanings from the literal definition of the word, plus some examples employing them: The expression to put something in or into perspective means to look at a subject in a broader context to gain a fair and accurate understanding of it. Arthurs goal was to put the drastic change being proposed for the companys office building into perspective so the team could understand it.The expression from my perspective means the way I see it or from my point of view. From my perspective, taking a year off after college would be great for my future. How to Remember the Difference One way to remember the distinction between the two words is to recall that people going prospecting are searching for gold that they expect to find in the future. So a miner who sets out for the first time is a prospective gold miner. Sources Perspective vs. prospective. https://grammarist.com/usage/prospective-perspective/.Prospective vs. Perspective: What’s the Difference? https://writingexplained.org/prospective-vs-perspective-difference.Perspective or Prospective. http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000293.htm.

The Use of First Person Narration in The Cask of Amontillado

The Use of First Person Narration in The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe’s tale of murder and revenge, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, offers a unique perspective into the mind of a deranged murderer. The effectiveness of the story is largely due to its first person point of view, which allows the reader a deeper involvement into the thoughts and motivations of the protagonist, Montresor. The first person narration results in an unbalanced viewpoint on the central conflict of the story, man versus man, because the reader knows very little about the thoughts of the antagonist, Fortunato. The setting of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, in the dark catacombs of Montresor’s wine cellar, contributes to the story’s theme that some people will go†¦show more content†¦The first person perspective allows the audience only to learn basic information about the antagonist, Fortunato, and results in a very skewed perspective on the conflict of man versus man. The conflict centers around the pride and honor of two men, and the lengths that one of the men will go to in order to defend his honor to the other. Fortunato is portrayed as a conceited and arrogant man whose weaknesses are enhanced by the fact that he has had too much to drink. The conflict between the two men is somewhat one-sided because it is probable that Fortunato was ignorant of the fact that a serious conflict existed between himself and Montresor until the very end of his life. What one man likely viewed as a friendly rivalry, the other took as a justification for murder. This story has an absence of the man versus self conflict which is generally found in a first person story because the narrator, Montresor, is completely certain of himself and never has an inner conflict doubting his actions. The dark and eerie tone of the murder story and its unusual setting contribute to the story’s theme of defense of one’s honor and avenging wrongdoing. The haughtiness and conceited attitudes of the two men create an extension of this theme in which Poe wants to show how far some men will go when they receive a blow to the ego. The story’s setting in theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1140 Words   |  5 PagesKawanda Garner Ms. Roesch ENC 1102 29 April 2016 Main Character Narration and Its Effects The first –person narration style of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is vital in creating the quality of the story. The story allows one of the main characters in the story Montresor, to tell the story from his point of view which gives the reader intimate yet disturbing look into the mind story teller thinks and feels which the reader doesn’t normally get from other narrative styles. The narrative style of thisRead MoreGothic Literature : The Dark Side Of Romanticism1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe theme of Gothic stories is either mysterious, horror, or even death. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are authors that demonstrate Gothic literature. Some of their work include, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe and â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Cask of Amontillado tells how the narrator Montresor seeks revenge on his acquaintance, Fortunato. Montresor to desperate measures and did not catch. However, in à ¢â‚¬Å"The Birthmark†, Aylmer, a scientist has become obsessedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1109 Words   |  5 PagesThe first –person narration style of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is vital in creating the quality of the story. The story allows one of the main characters in the story Montresor, to tell the story from his point of view which gives the reader intimate yet disturbing look into the mind story teller thinks and feels which the reader doesn’t normally get from other narrative styles. The narrative style of this story is important because it sets the tone of the story. The reader become more familiarRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allan Poe And The Yellow Wallpaper Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesoffer their own interpretations to the story being told. Unreliable narration is valuable to the reader and satisfying to the author because the audience must look beyond what the narrator is portraying and view all the elements of the read to understand the author s message. The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are great examples of unreliable narration. The Cask of Amontillado, Poe tells the story through the eyes and voice of the characterRead MoreEssay on Point of View on the Cask Bridge1030 Words   |  5 Pagesof entertainment have been taking full advantage of the benefits brought on by an audience being dealt a limited field of vision for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Prior to the advent of film and theater, the best place to find this method in use was literature. The origin of the point of view in literature can be traced back to the earliest forms of literature, where much of what was dictated and recorded was recounted from life experiences. It is of no surprise to most that the idea of pointRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado1231 Words   |  5 PagesHunter Mrs. Laszik ENGL 1302.001 27 Oct 2017 The Cask of Amontillado One of the most memorable short stories by the American writer, mainly known for his gothic literature â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, written by Edgar Allan Poe is short story about revenge against an â€Å"old friend† who betrayed another. This strong expression of gothic literature through the drastic change of settings and surroundings. Also, the main character’s, Montressor, narration of the story that he has kept to himself for halfRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1086 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is narrated in the first person which is essential to creating the authentic aspect of the story. Montresor who is a sensible killer is the narrator, this grants the narration of the story from his own point of view. The reader obtains an exclusive, alarming glance into the peaceful composure of Montresor’s mind. The reader can certainly detect, examine, and identify how Montresor feels and thinks. Readers norma lly do not get this particular view in other literature. OneRead MoreThe Graphic Adaptation of The Cask of Amontillado1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe Graphic Adaptation of The Cask of Amontillado Illustrated by Joe Sacco Overview and Thesis: Joe Sacco, born October 2, 1960, is an American journalist and illustrator who is well known for his art-comics, most notably being Palestine: Refugeeland. Refugeeland recounts Sacco’s experience in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, highlighting the difficult and unpleasant conditions that the Palestinian people were facing regarding the Israeli occupation of Palestine and the Gulf War in the earlyRead More The Paradox of Revenge in Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe Paradox of Revenge in Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado ?The Cask of Amontillado? raises a question pertaining to the multiple character of the self (Davidson 202); Can harmony of ones self be restored once primal impulses have been acted upon? This question proposes the fantasy of crime without consequence (Stepp 60). Edgar Allan Poe uses first person point of view, vivid symbolism and situational irony to show that because of mans inner self, revenge is ultimately not possibleRead MoreThe Theme of Revenge in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a frightening and entertaining short story about the severe consequences that result from persistent mockery and an unforgiving heart. Poe’s excellent use of Gothicism within the story sets the perfect tone for a dark and sinister plot of murder to unfold. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† simply overflows with various themes and other literary elements that result from Poe’s Gothi c style of writing. Of these various themes, one that tends to dominant the story

Divine command theory Free Essays

string(63) " simply because a Divine Being ordained that killing is wrong\." The most basic difference in divine command theory and Immanuel Kant’s moral theory is where the founding principle comes from. Kant argues that as rational creatures with the ability for autonomous thought and action, we can rationally determine the morality of any situation. Divine command theory requires that humans ascertain the will of God to know the difference between right and wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Divine command theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now In large part the two theories overlap and many who promote divine command theory would argue that Kant simply did not take his explanation far enough. They would argue that had he determined the source of rationality, i.e. the theory that God endowed His creation will freewill and autonomy, then he would see that even the rational choice theory of morality leads back to divine intervention. However, Kant argued that it is impossible using rational arguments to determine if God exists or not. We can, however, argue rationally that humans are rational beings and capable of autonomous action. Therefore, we can argue that autonomous beings have the rational capability of determining a guiding moral principle. Kant’s theory argues that the moral principle which guides life should be determined in a vacuum, absent of the facts. This was his way of arguing against situational ethics. A guiding principle, the basics of morality, should be determined based solely on rational thought and then, once the principle is established, the facts of the situation may be applied to the moral principle and the appropriate action, the answer to the question, †What ought I to do?†,   can be determined. Kant’s theory requires the identification of the categorical imperative that is essential to living a moral life. Morality is determined by the one rationally determined categorical imperative. If then an action seems within the situation as though it will not be compatible with the categorical imperative, then it is morally wrong and there is no justifying it or changing things around to make it okay.   For example, if the rationally determined categorical imperative is that murder is wrong, then it is wrong. This is actually a form of the argument many people use in opposing the death penalty. They argue that it cannot be morally justified to kill someone even if it is being done because he killed someone else. Their categorical imperative is that it is irrational to kill another person. This person should also then be a conscientious objector as there is no circumstance under which killing is not morally wrong. Under diving command theory, the order of God that â€Å"thou shalt not kill† would be an equally definitive moral compass, except that the God’s commands are rarely that direct. One of the biggest criticisms of divine command theory is that it does not indicate how one is to determine what God’s command is. Many point to the scriptures, but those vary, sometimes greatly among translations and faiths. In centuries past, many believed in the divine rule of kings as God’s voice on earth. Therefore, if the King commanded it, it was the word of God as well and since many of these kings sent men into battle in direct opposition to the commandment against killing, the theory of divine command is weakened by the need to identify God or His commands. Even extending into the modern day, the Pope is considered by Catholics to be the voice of God. Is the word of the Pope then the moral guide for the divine command theory? And, the seemingly contradictory messages of the Bible (or other scriptures) become a much greater problem. If we are basing our morality on God’s command, but His words are unclear, how can morality become clear? Ultimately, the difference between right and wrong in the two theories is potentially huge. Under the divine command theory, anything that God commands can be considered right and anything contrary to God’s command is wrong.   With Kant’s theory, wrong is defined as being immoral and immorality is irrational. Therefore, any act which is irrational could be considered morally wrong.   Thus the two theories can lead to very different conclusions in the exact same case. Essentially, the difference between the two is that though Kant argued that moral theory should be determined in the absence of facts, it is not hard and fast and allows for some circumstantial ethics. The simple problem with divine command theory is that if it relies on scriptures as God’s command, it is clear cut with no room for interpretation. Why then would man be capable of rational thought if there were no rationality needed? With divine command theory any creature that can understand simple commands could be taught to obey the law and the creation of a species capable of rational thought would be unnecessary. Likewise, the problem with moral theory is that it does not have clear cut right and wrong. By arguing that the requisite is rational action, Kant has made it possible for anything to be rationally justified even perhaps the greatest of moral wrongs including murder or even genocide, if the reasoning were sound. Because of the difference in their application, the two theories can be applied with completely different outcomes. For instance, assume that a man is walking through the woods late in the evening and sees a man attacking a woman whom he knows to be virtuous (just to make it clear she is the victim here). Because the attacker is in such a rage, the only manner that the observer has to prevent him from killing the innocent is to kill the attacker. If we use the divine command theory to determine our course of action, harkening back to the Ten Commandments and â€Å"Thou Shalt Not Kill†, the observer is left with no action that he can take to prevent the death of an innocent woman. Under Kant’s moral theory, it is completely irrational for the observer to allow an innocent to be killed simply because a Divine Being ordained that killing is wrong. You read "Divine command theory" in category "Essay examples" Therefore, under the Kant theory, the observer would be wholly justified in killing the attacker. He would be doing the right thing. While clearly not all moral obligations and decisions would ever be this clear cut, this example illustrates where the two theories diverge drastically. It is precisely this type of scenario which leads me to support Kant’s moral theory over the theory of divine command. The theory of divine command relies on the existence of a Supreme Being and the knowledge of His will in personal action. Like Kant, I am not certain that we can determine if God exists, much less what His divine command would be. In a different age, divine command theory as method of determining morality made perfect sense. The king, ruling with diving right, could ordain the divine commands of his nation and the law would therefore be good, but as we have entered the age of reason and science, the theory of divine command falls short. It does not offer any guidance on issues that were not conceived of when the Bible or other scriptures were written. Unless one accepts that the Pope is the direct conduit to God’s will left on earth, how could on determine what the divine command theory would be on an issue like cloning and therefore what the morality might be. Some religious people might say that cloning is wrong because it attempts to subvert God’s role in creation, but where in the Scripture does it say ‘thou shalt not clone’?   And, if we accept the argument that God did not intend for man to interfere in the creation process, should we not then find in vitro fertilization and even breeding controls on animals to be contrary to God’s law?   The simple failing of the divine command theory is that it does not reach into the modern age and allow moral decisions appropriate to the times in which we live. Kant’s theory on the other hand is perfect for the age of reason, probably based on the time frame in which it was being developed.   When the means test of rationality is applied, virtually any decision can be made, often in the style of Kant’s writings about common sense. For example, the rational mind can identify the moral ambiguity of cloning, especially cloning of a rational being. With all consciousness of thought, we can determine that creating that which we do not understand may be wrong. We can also rationally determine that choosing to mate specific animals in hopes of getting a particular set of genetic traits or implanting an embryo into a uterus is not an evil act simply because it involves creation. Even those who believe in the existence of a Supreme Being cannot argue why a God that is â€Å"good† and benevolent would object to the use of scientific advances to prolong life and to assist the natural process of procreation. As a further example of this, consider the use of nuclear weapons. Though we can default to the idea that thou shalt not kill as divine command argument against the use of the weapon, the argument falls short when we realize that man has been commanded to kill hundreds of times throughout history in God’s name. However, when we consider the discussion of nuclear weapons using Kant’s theory, we can determine that the use of nuclear weapons on any widespread basis is irrational and therefore immoral and therefore wrong. The rational arguments against the weapons are plentiful: they destroy every living creature for miles, they destroy the land making it uninhabitable for years, and the radiation spread cannot be controlled, leading to countless additional injuries, illnesses and deaths. Ultimately, both theories come to the same conclusion, but Kant’s theory provides a better argument supporting the cause. Objectors will say that the problem with Kant’s theory is that humans have the capacity to act irrationally and therefore immorally. That irrationality negates the concept of a rational test of morality. This argument is flawed in that it is based on a premise which we call mental illness. In American society at least, when a person has lost the ability to tell the difference between right and wrong, we determine that they are mentally ill. This means even our system of psychology is based loosely on Kant’s premise that we are rational creatures, capable of autonomous action. Furthermore, nothing in theory would ever preclude a person from acting in a manner contrary to their moral theory. It is completely possible for a person to know an action is morally wrong and do it anyway. Sometimes, they will make attempts to justify the actions in their own minds or to others, but even the great majority of criminals can acknowledge that there is a significant difference between right and wrong even while they are choosing the wrong option. This is the reason that the American legal system recognizes mitigating factors, those excuses for why it was okay to do the wrong thing. We understand that the rational mind can also try to reason out doing what it desires. Critics of Kant’s theory would also argue that there are no simple clear cut definitions of right and wrong. That is correct. There aren’t. Ethics and morality are situational, no matter what people want to say or believe. It can be as simple as believing that a little white lie is occasionally okay (Do you really want to tell your mother her new dress looks hideous?) or as extreme as a blatant attempt to manipulate society and yourself that murder is justifiable. Regardless, Kant would argue that the theory holds true. Rational beings know that these actions are wrong and society, which is not a rational being, has dictated that we are allowed to act otherwise. How to cite Divine command theory, Essay examples

Comparing and Applying Theories of Development free essay sample

Let’s take a look at all three and compare some of their similarities, as well as a few differences and then we can look at how these and other theories are used to analyze and evaluate the development of a child. Sigmund Freud was a pioneer of his field. His Psychoanalytic theory was the first theory of modern psychology. Although some of Freud’s ideas have been discarded, most of them still influence the world of psychology today. According to Freud, human development is shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior (Paplia Olds, et al, 2006). Our awareness of the world around us is stored in our conscious mind; and our unconscious mind stores painful repressed memories, urges, feelings, or thoughts which is difficult to access. Freud believed that personalities consist of three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id dwells in the unconscious part of our mind and is responsible for our pleasure principle. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Applying Theories of Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The superego also dwells mostly in the unconscious mind and is accountable for our knowledge of right and wrong. Accountable for our reality pleasure is our ego, which is located in our conscious mind and is what we use to mediate our deepest selfish desires with the outside world. â€Å"According to Freud, an individual’s behavior is a result of all three interacting with one another, working together as a team under the leadership of the ego. † (Roeckelein, 1998) For instance, when a teenager desires to skip school so they he can party with his friends, his superego tells him that he will get in trouble if he does, so his ego decides to go against skipping school, but makes plans to party with his riends that weekend so that his id is still satisfied. Freud also believed that children go through three different stages of personality development in the first 5-6 years of age called psychosexual stages. In each stage a child’s fulfillment shifts from oral to anal to genitals. If gratification is not achieved in any of these stages, the person will develop a fixation and end s up being stuck in that stage of development like in the case of smokers, whom according to Freud, have an oral fixation. Freud developed the idea that people create defense mechanisms such as displacement (a way in which one diverts their feelings of anger from the person whom caused the emotion to another person or object), compensation (overcoming feelings of inadequacy in one area by excelling at another), or rationalization (looking for suitable explanations to justify our behavior). They use these mechanisms in order to cope with stressful and painful experiences. (Witt Mossler, 2010) Erik Erickson was an apprentice of Sigmund Freud. He developed the Psychosocial Theory of development. He also believed that the unconscious mind influenced behavior; however, he opposed the sexual aspect of development. According to his theory there are nine stages of human development. Trust vs. mistrust which occurs between birth and about 1 year old. The child must learn to trust his or her parents, but must be balanced with a sensible amount of mistrust so as not to become naive. The virtue learned is hope. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is the second stage which occurs between the ages of 1-3 years old. Next is initiative vs. guilt which is usually occurs in 3-5 year olds. Children in middle childhood go through the industry vs. nferiority stage which begins around the age of 5 and continues until adolescence around 12 years old; and teenagers fall into the identity vs. confusion stage. Those in the intimacy vs. isolation are young adults between the ages of 18-25. Generativity vs. stagnation is the stage for older adults and is characterized with the desire to give back. Most peo ple in this stage are between 25-65 year olds. Integrity vs. despair, and hope and faith vs. despair are the last two stages of life development, and they both are for those over the age of 65 years old. Each stage is like a test with a potential of passing or failing and the outcome f results is growth and a learned virtue or stagnation. A person will stay stuck in their current stage for however long it takes until the virtue is learned although there are accepted age approximations. (Witt Mossler, 2010) An example of stagnation is when a woman in her thirties still acts like a teenager. Jean Piaget, a psychologist from Switzerland, also believed in stages of development; however he focused on cognitive development, mostly in children. Although Piaget’s theory has received some criticism, mostly in regards to underestimating the cognitive development of children, he has influenced psychology in a enduring way. Piaget defines operational as a mental routine that transforms information so it can be used. Operational routines include the use of logic by classifying, subdividing, recognizing parts of a whole, counting, and reversibility. † (Witt Mossler, 2010) According to Piaget, certain behaviors occur only when children reach the appropriate maturational stage and that four of those stages exist: sensorimotor (birth-2 years old), preoperational (2-7 years old), concrete operational thought (7-12 years old), and formal operational thought (12+ years old). In each stage, a child will adapt to a new situation by using an inborn ability (Paplia Olds, et al, 2006) process in which we integrate new information into a pre-existing mental structure (building blocks of thinking as mental units) called schemes. (Mitchell, P. , 1992. p12) He called this process assimilation. Later if the child learns something new about a previous assimilation experience, the child adds the latest information to the current knowledge, modifying the current mental structure based on experiences. He called this adaption of knowledge accommodation. For instance, when a baby cries, he soon realizes that only his parent’s respond to his cry and not just anyone. There are three key concept similarities between Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory and Erik Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory. First of all, they both fall under the developmental perspective of psychoanalysis, which means that they both view development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. Additionally, they both believed that children go through stages of development and that each stage offers omething to learn in order to grow, or a danger of failure. Lastly, they both agree that when a stage is not mastered, its likely that they will be stuck in that stage of growth by developing a fixation according to Freud, and according to Erickson will be emotionally stagnant. In contrast, here are a few significant differences between Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory and Erik Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory. First o f all, the most noteworthy difference is Erickson’s departure from the sexual emphasis of development that so strongly influences Freud’s point of view. Although he agrees that unconscious mind influences personality development, he believed that heredity and the environment were more influential than sexual urges. Another major disagreement is that Freud believed that the genital stage begins during adolescence and continues throughout adulthood. Adults remain influenced sexually by their urge for genital gratification which is the driving force for all their afflictions compared to Erickson whom believed that human development is continuous, and that people go through four more stages of development after the adolescent stage. Furthermore, Erickson emphasized a possibility for a healthy ego development through the stages. It suggested that people have some control of their development, which unlike Freud, â€Å"believed that people spend their entire lives trying to conquer the demands of the id. † (Witt Mossler, 2010) There are also a few similarities between Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory and Piaget’s Cognitive Stage Theory. Once again, just like Erickson, Freud and Piaget agreed that development occurs in stages and both of them mostly focus on child development. Another similarity is that they also both have had a major impact on the field of psychology. Freud was the Father of modern psychology while Piaget remains the most influential cognitive psychologist. Also, their theories have both received considerable criticism, but they still continue to influence the world of psychology significantly. On the other hand, there are a number of differences between Psychoanalysis and the Cognitive Stage Theory. The main difference is that they both fall under different developmental psychological perspectives, so they actually view growth and maturity differently. Freud analyzes personality and emotional development; whereas, Piaget examines cognitive development. Another difference is that Freud emphasized sexual urges as the driving force for all humans, but Piaget believed that people were influenced by the current stage of their cognitive develop. Furthermore, Piaget did not recognize the unconscious mind influences that Freud considered. He favored observable, testable measurements in human development. Comparing similarities between Erik Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory and Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Stage Theory is a difficult task. The differences are much more apparent. The reason is because they fall under two separate perspectives in the field of psychology just like comparisons between Freud and Piaget. Nevertheless, a couple of agreements they both had are that heredity and environment are important in human development; and that life development occurs in stages. That is where the similarities end. The most obvious disagreements are parallel to the comparisons between Freud’s and Piaget’s theory. For instance, like Freud, Erickson studies personality and emotional development; while, Piaget tests cognitive development. In addition, Erickson and Freud believed that an immense amount of development is influenced by the unconscious mind, unlike Piaget whom does not validate the significance of the unconscious. The last difference is that Piaget’s theory focused on child development but Erickson’s theory included four more stages of human development which continues throughout adulthood. When analyzing the development of children, we can use the above theories, as well as others to predict the progress of the child, and compare them with other children in their age group. In order to help a child reach full potential, it is important that doctors, parents, and educators know the normal rate of development. This is estimated by using developmental theories, and then applying research based studies that test the accuracy of those theories. As a child grows and learns, an assessment of their abilities can determine what stage of development the child is in, and whether or not they are developing normally. If a child appears to be learning and growing at a slower rate than other children in that current theoretical stage, then ction can be taken to accommodate the child and give them more consideration through different programs that have been constructed for children with learning disabilities. However, if a child appears to be developing at a faster rate, then their gifts can be encouraged and cultivated through the utilization of accelerated enrichment programs. In order to consider a child’s development as correctly as possible, one must consid er all aspects of growth which includes cognitive, physical, and emotional characteristics of maturation. Physical development relates to the growth and maturity of the body and brain which includes the increase in motor skills and brain development. Cognitive development is associated with the progress of logic and reason and increases in vocabulary usage. Emotional development deals with the development of feelings and emotions, but also includes the development of morals and beliefs. Although each category examines distinct types of human development, they are not separate. For example, advances in cognitive abilities have been found to coincide with the child’s physical brain development and growth (like during brain growth spurts). Another instance is that a child’s physical maturity affects his/her emotional well being (like when an adolescent is a late bloomer, it can cause them to have a low self-esteem). As psychologists analyze a child’s development, they must take into account all three aspects of development because of their impact on each other and then apply them to the psychological theories of development in order to properly assess and encourage a child’s possible potential. Sigmund Freud was a patriarch of modern psychology and Jean Piaget remains the most influential cognitive psychologist. Comparisons of the three theories discover that they are all similar in some ways, but also can be vastly different. Although Piaget and Freud have received a considerable amount of criticism for their ideas and parts of their theories were eventually discarded, they both continue to have a significant influence on the world of Psychology today.

Impacts of the Printer

Question: Describe the impacts of the printer in the 'usage' stage and how its effects the economy only. Answer: Printer is a device that is used for printing the text on the paper. The life cycle of printers is as follows: The worlds first computer printer was invented in 19th century by Charles Babbage. Later with the new improvement in technology, then commercial printers like Electric typewriters and teletype machines were invented.[4] Among the most widely used systems, Line printer is the most used one due to its high speed. Dot matrix systems could print both text and graphics at relatively low quality output.[3] With the introduction of low cost printers by HP (the first HP laser Jet), there has been sudden increase in the sales of the printers. Due to its low cost and high performance, Printing has became much more easier. These laser printers with PostScript mixed text have made printing tasks much more simple. By 2000s, Many high quality printers had fallen under the price of $100 and these have become very common in sales. In 2001, Xerox was manufactured.[2] This could achieve 120 p pm. Later in 2010, 3D printing is also came into existence, this became an area of intense interest and it allows the creation of physical objects. The best economy printers are inkjet printers. These offer productive and economical printing as compared to laser printers. [1] The Printers greatly affected the economy. The printing was a creation that prompted the flourishment of exchange through all the Europe because of expanded demands. This was a reason for a more grounded economy.[4] Additionally, a less demanding approach to print books prompted more moderate books. Due to the printing of more great books, printers developed the business sector for books and also for printers to print these books. It has greatly strengthened the economy. Stores could now offer and purchase books all more quickly. The interest for books and daily papers likewise prompted more creations for printers to develop the economy. In conclusion, Printers turned into a substantial industry and prompted diverse organizations to move into vast loud manufacturing plants. References: Katarzyna Grzesik, Life Cycle Assessment of Printer , 2010. Justin Bousquin, Marcos Esterman, Sandra Rothenberg, Life cycle analysis in the printing industry: a review, 2011. What is Printer, https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/printer.html. Printer, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing) .

3 Common Christian Essay Topics

3 Common Christian Essay TopicsSome Christian writers suggest that there are a lot of Christian essay topics that they prefer. But how can you determine which topic is best for you? Before deciding to write an essay, you should ask yourself the following questions.Many people look for ways to find a topic that they can relate to. For example, if you were born into the religious faith of the Catholic Church, you would be familiar with some topic names. If you were born into a non-religious or non-faith based religion, you would not be familiar with some of the same names. Some topics might be hard to understand for a person of a different faith.Here are some of the most popular church topics that you might want to look at. These may be very interesting to your friends and family members. They might also interest you if you will be writing an essay.The main topic that you would want to think about first when writing an essay is the Christian viewpoint. In this topic, you will come acro ss two main views - the free-will view and the 'works' -based view. There are many other topics that you might want to consider depending on your belief.Another topic that you should consider is whether you would like to include an objective point of view. An objective point of view is one where the person writing the essay is trying to prove a point or a position by writing an essay. The objective point of view may not be suitable for an essay as an objective is something that cannot be proven. However, some topics are more objective that others.Then, there are many Christian essay topics that are based on theology. You should consider which parts of the Bible are most important to you. For example, you may consider the Book of Acts to be very important in your life. However, you might find that it is not one of the church topics that you have chosen. Therefore, you should consider whether or not you want to include an essay on this topic.Topics that are more subjective and persona lized are also very popular. They are much more personal and may not appeal to everyone. If you don't like the idea of writing an essay on any of these topics, then you should consider whether or not you want to write an essay on anything at all. Just try to think about what interests you and what you believe is of great importance to you.

4 Tips for Writing A Strong Cover Letter

4 Tips for Writing A Strong Cover Letter While a well-written resume shows off a job candidate’s skill set, an effective cover letter offers a different yet related opportunity: the chance to demonstrate why you’re the right candidate for the job on one pithy page. Consider these four tips designed to help your cover letter stand out from the crowd. 1. Make it PersonalWhile you might be able to get away with recycling your resume for multiple jobs, this is an absolute no-no when it comes to cover letter writing. Why? Because cover letter are all about showing off how your background, skills and experience match the needs of a company as they pertain to the job for which you’re applying.Effective cover letters are anything but cookie cutter. Rather, each cover letter should be carefully crafted to match with the job at hand.Making it personal also means addressing the letter to an actual human person. While it may take a little time to identify the proper department head or hiring manager, doing so demon strates initiative and resourcefulness.2. Focus on FitEven if you’re the most amazing candidate in the world, this attribute is worthless if your cover letter fails to convey how your skills match the position. Pay careful attention to the job description when writing your cover letter, using keywords and key phrases to showcase your qualifications.However, keep in mind that anyone can throw some keywords on a page. Don’t arbitrarily stuff your cover letter with keywords; instead, come up with specific examples which align with what the company is looking for.In addition to researching the job, also research the company, along with its products and services. More and more companies are prioritizing â€Å"cultural fit† when it comes to filling open positions. Understanding a company’s culture can help you focus your cover letter for best success, while further enhancing your status as a desirable candidate.3. Catch Their EyeHundreds of resumes may cross a hiring manager’s desk every single day. How do you make sure yours gets noticed? Skip the conventional â€Å"five paragraph† letter, and instead use bullet points to highlight your strengths. This spares hiring managers the task of sorting through your essay trying to identify its main points. Instead, it does the work on their behalf. You will still need an introduction and closing paragraphs, but stick with bullets to deliver the content you want to emphasize.4. Assert YourselfMany cover letters lack one essential element: a call to action. While expressing your gratitude is important, ending with a follow-up is a much stronger appeal. Whether you mention that you’ll call to check in on the status of your resume next week or express that you’re looking forward to further discussing why you’re right for the position, including a call to action not only demonstrates confidence, but also gives you the chance to show you’re accountable.Ultimat ely, if a good cover letter is a foot in the door, a call to action is the chance to leverage that food into something greater.One tip, however: if you say you’re going to follow up, FOLLOW UP.While it’s impossible to fully understand what’s going through a hiring manager’s mind when evaluating candidates, a cover letter gives you the opportunity to make a positive first impression. These four tips can help you take your cover letter from average to amazing.

Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice †Literature Essay

Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Literature Essays In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the five Bennet sisters clearly divide into two groups. Elizabeth is head of the well-behaved girls and her equivalent Lydia, represents the badly behaved. Lydia’s misbehaviour is a significant catalyst for Elizabeth uniting with Mr. Darcy; however, it was through accident rather than design. Although Elizabeth expresses some concern about Lydia’s future happiness after she elopes, these two sisters hardly communicate with each other during the story. Both Lydia and Elizabeth are the favourites of the parent they most resemble in personality. While Elizabeth is least liked by Mrs. Bennet, Lydia is her favourite and therefore overindulged. Lydia Bennet is the youngest daughter and behaves very foolishly throughout the novel. Her only interests are bonnets, balls and flirting with the soldiers stationed in town and she causes Elizabeth great embarrassment, behaving immodestly at the ball. Lydia’s description is of being less beautiful than either Jane or Elizabeth, but her youth and high spirits make her appealing. Mr. Bennet had married a woman he found sexually attractive without realizing she was an unintelligent woman and Lydia is similar to Mrs. Bennet at the same age. Mrs. Bennet’s favouritism towards Lydia and her comments on how she was once as energetic as Lydia reveals this similarity. Like her mother, Lydia has little common sense, no judgement, and no understanding of the consequences that her behaviour has on her family, especially her two older sisters. She is unrepentant after her elopement and never considered that such a scandal would disgrace the whole family and ruin any chance of good marriages for any of her sisters. Lydia is uneducated, vain, and selfish. She fails to consider that her sister Kitty, who adores her, is upset at not being included in the invitation to Brighton. â€Å"Wholly inattentive to her sister’s feelings, Lydia flew about the house in restless ecstasy†(178). Not only does Lydia lack good sense and decorum, she is a bad sister too. In contrast, Elizabeth is an intelligent, young woman with a razor-sharp wit and rich sense of humour. Elizabeth has the ability to laugh off her misfortunate and continues to be optimistic despite her situation. She is her father’s favourite and they enjoy a close relationship. Elizabeth demands respect and wishes to acquire the kind of marriage that will allow her to retain her individuality. While not completely disregarding the financial situation of potential suitors, she is determined to marry for love. Throughout the novel, Elizabeth learns lessons and changes the way she thinks about some situations. She admits her own faults and overcomes her prejudice against Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth regards Jane as more noble and kind-hearted than herself and she becomes aware of her own social and emotional prejudice as she watches her sister. When her friend Charlotte marries Mr. Collins, Elizabeth condemns the marriage as ridiculous but comes to understand and accept the position her friend was in. The marriage between Mr. Collins and Charlotte is based on economics rather than on love. Jane Austen is not endorsing this kind of marriage, rather she is pointing out that it is the only option for a woman in Charlotte’s position (Teachman 66). Jane Austen describes Elizabeth as â€Å"strong and intelligent, yet bewitching in a completely feminine way†. Her moral integrity is highly evident in her refusal of Darcy’s first marriage proposal. At the time, she believed Darcy to be arrogant and she was furious with him for ruining her adored sister Jane’s, chance at happiness. Elizabeth is very sensible and tries to curb the behaviour of her sister Lydia. She has the for-sight to realize that Lydia is too silly and irresponsible to visit Brighton and Elizabeth is rightly afraid of the consequences of her sister’s actions. She advises her father to withdraw his permission, â€Å"†¦she will, at sixteen, be the most determined flirt that ever made herself and her family ridiculous†(179). It is interesting to note that Elizabeth went to her father with her concerns and not Lydia herself. The lack of interaction between Elizabeth and Lydia throughout the novel would suggest that they ar e not close at all. Elizabeth is a strong member of the Bennet family and she rushes to her family’s side when she hears of Lydia’s misconduct and the pain it is causing her family. Elizabeth’s closest relationship is with her older sister Jane; and they have a great friendship. Although Jane hides her feelings from most people, Elizabeth knows that she really loves Bingley and is hurt by his leaving. Elizabeth is deeply involved in helping Jane and Mr. Bingley unite and she cares deeply for the happiness of her sister Jane. So not only is Elizabeth a kind and sensible character, she is a good sister too. The worth of each character as a sister appears to influence their nuptials. The marriages of the two older Bennet girls seem to be ideal. Jane loves Mr. Bingley, and he is rich, kind and well liked by society. Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage is the best match of the novel. The series of events which they both experienced gave them the opportunity to understand one another and the time to reconcile their feelings for each other. Their mutual understanding is the foundation of their relationship and will lead them to a peaceful and lasting marriage. They have physical attraction, financial security, romance and companionship. In contrast, Lydia’s marriage is the worst of the bad marriages in the novel and they are given the least happiness of all the couples. Much like the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet their affection for each other is soon â€Å"sunk into indifference†(298). And despite the money that Darcy gave to Wickham, they are the couple in the worst financial situation. The best marriages in Pride and Prejudice are comparable to the best sibling relationships. Such relationships share the same warmth, honesty, loyalty, intelligence and understanding. Lydia’s marriage shows that love cannot be brought on by appearances, and must gradually develop between two people as they get to know one another. Love has been built up over a long period of time between the two sisters Jane and Elizabeth, as it has in the ideal marriage. Lydia’s elopement and marriage are typical of a relationship where physical desire has become more powerful than good sense. The wane of Wickham’s and Lydia’s passion is an inevitable outcome, and only a disastrous married life can be in front of them. Their marriage was based on appearances, good looks, and youthful exuberance. Without mutual love and respect, Lydia and Wickham’s marriage gradually disintegrates and Lydia becomes a regular visitor at her two elder sister’s homes when he r husband was gone to enjoy himself in London or Bath† (299). Through Lydia and Wickham’s relationship, Jane Austen illustrates that an impulsive marriage based on superficial qualities, swiftly cools and ends in discontent and unhappiness. Research Papers on Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice - Literature EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesWhere Wild and West MeetAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is Art

One size fits all datatypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One size fits all datatypes - Essay Example The integer types has a number o language applications include signed char, char, short, unsigned short, unsigned long and unsigned char which have different storage size and value ranges (MACDONALD, 02, 2007). The void types exists in three main forms which include function returns as void, functions arguments as void that do not accept any parameter inserted to it and pointers to void that shows the address of a given object but does not include its type. The floating-point types has a applications such as the float, double and long double with different storage capabilities, value ranges as well as precision (CONNER, 12, 2010). The words true or false can be used in the description of Boolean types despite the fact that the two values or terms are hardly used as a single binary digit in order to achieve efficiency. The composite types use programming languages such as union which refers to the total number of permitted primitive data types (BALENA, 23, 2004). An array is a composite type that is able to store large number of elements in the format. An object offers description on the number of data fields that can be accessed through a program code. A set describes an abstract data structure that has the ability to store a number of certain values while a tagged union has additional fields that are used for enhancing the safety of a data type ( STEPHENS, 67, 2004). STEPHENS, J., RUSSELL, C., & HILLYER, M. (2004). Beginning MySQL database design and optimization from novice to professional. Berkeley, Calif, Apress.

Wrapping the semester up for portfolio Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wrapping the semester up for portfolio - Article Example In addition, Montaigne hates cruelty against living things. He questions the presumption that human beings can and should rule over other creatures when the former could be so cruel to the latter. He gives examples of how ancient peoples despised cruelty against human beings and animals too, even those who/that have wronged them. Montaigne argues that torture and the death penalty are examples of human cruelty. He does not approve of cruelty because it violates the human sensibility for compassion and it turns humans into inhumane monsters. Jane Kramer describes Montaigne’s writings about the â€Å"self,† most especially, his â€Å"self.† Montaigne was 38 years old when he started writing his essays for the purpose of pursuing â€Å"Myself† or his identity. Kramer advises that people can best read Montaigne through his own observation of himself. By the self, she refers to Montaigne’s second life, because his identity in his writings is detached from his real life. She wonders why Montaigne did not speak with more details about his life. He did not connect his beliefs to his own experiences as a politician, family man, and a man with religion. She indicates that this must have enriched his thoughts about many more issues. She adds that Montaigne did not discuss other important political and social issues in his time too. Moreover, Kramer notes that Montaigne criticizes his essays for lack of unity. He also admits to fearing fear most of all, although, before he died, he accepted his f ear of emptiness that comes after death. Kramer ends with Montaigne’s desire to be statesman again. However, before he returns to a political post, he has become too sick of his kidney stones to perform his political functions. WikiHow describes the method of writing a five paragraph essay. It starts with an introduction that sets the tone and hooks the audience. The hook must be followed by the topic and then the thesis. The thesis must be coherent and

The Key Characteristics Of An Erp System Information Technology Essay

The Key Characteristics Of An Erp System Information Technology Essay Enterprise Resource Planning solutions became the replacement for disparate legacy systems for many companies of the dimension of Fortune 500 during the 1990s. The main providers were SAP, Oracle Applications, PeopleSoft, J D Edwards and Baan. The Editors provided assistance initially, and then gradually there was a tendency for larger Consulting companies as partners to take over part or all of the integration. As ERP is a new phenomenon within the software industry, its implementation methodologies are still developing. The implementation of an ERP software package involves a mix of business process change and software configuration to align the software with the business processes (Al-Mashariet al.2000). Many companies are radically changing their information technology strategies to gain a competitive edge, become more responsive to change markets, and deliver better service at lower cost by purchasing off-the-shelf integrated ERP software instead of developing IT systems internally(Al-Mashariet al.2000). ERP systems offer a one size fits all solution which provides a company-wide view ofcorporate information. The central notion underpinning ERP systems is that theyencapsulate best business practice for a particular industry, integrating manufacturing,and financial and human resource operations into a single framework. Adapting processes to the ERP may impose some rigidity on the processes which is notreflected in how work is carried out. In any eventuality an ERP package will usually notmeet all of the business goals, so it is vital that plans are put in place to ensure that the otherrequirements are also satisfied. 2.1.1-ERP Key Characteristics The key characteristics of an ERP System are discussed below. Integration: ERP vendors promise complete integration of the entire organisations information. This integration, however, requires some effort. In order to achieve integration, the system needs to be set up to match the organisations products, customers, accounts and business processes. Packages: ERP software is usually a commercial package and not a solution developed in-house from scratch. Because modifying the package may result in losing key benefits from using the ERP, organisations try to fit the package, with the help of configuration tools and options, rather than the other way around. Best practices: Through the study of businesses and academic theory, ERP vendors claim to have embedded best business practices in their solutions. This is also a solid argument against modifying their packages. Evolving: ERP is not a constant solution; it changes over time in terms of services and architecture like any other information technology. 2.2-ERP Implementation An ERP system is a process and not an end in itself. Perfunctory Implementing of ERP system will not boost efficiency. Reasons for failure of an ERP project such as lack of commitment from management and employees, lack of communication, knowledgeable employees not available for the project, are mostly organizational issues and have nothing to do with technical matter. Hence, to alleviate the risk of failure due to organizational issues, adoption of proper change and risk management process, plays a crucial role. Implementing an ERP software system not only involves a great deal of expenditure, efforts and time, it also involves change in some of the complex business processes. Such changes are often disliked by the employees and are a big risk. In order to ensure success, everyone in the company, from the leadership to back-office workers should cooperate. 2.2.1-ERP Implementation Phases The main phases in ERP implementation are discussed below Planning and Requirements Analysis This is the initial phase where the company takes a decision on implementing ERP. The decision could based on their need to comply with legal requirements, replace their legacy applications, for benefits of integration, reduction of inventory, reduction of operational costs, risk management, additional functionality or speeding up processes. The team chooses an ERP system. Typically a niche player in resource planning software development is chosen instead of developing from scratch. Some of the leading vendors are: SAP, PeopleSoft, Oracle,Sage Group, MS Business Solutions, SSA Global, Lawson and Intentia. Design This is the phase where the ERP team re-engineers the business processes around the Best Practices wherever feasible and identifies the processes that will result in customizing the ERP software application. The IT infrastructure requirements based on ERP system architecture and vendor are prepared. Implementation This phase involves installation of the ERP software, migration of data from the old applications to the ERP system, configuring the ERP system for reporting, implementing security, interfaces etc. The end users are involved at this stage to test the system after being trained. The implementation consultants seek feedback, identify software bugs/corrections, performance bottlenecks and apply the fixes. A decision on switching to the new ERP system is taken. Maintenance This is an ongoing phase which involves patching/upgrading the software, enhancing the functionality of the applications, changes in reports etc. This is either taken care of by in-house IT department or outsourced to consulting firms. 2.2.2-ERP Life Cycle The three main phases of an ERP Implementation are discussed below. Figure 1 depicts the amount of resources required at each stage (Aloiniet al. 2007) Concept refers to the activities of ERP introduction from strategic planning of requirements top software package selection. Implementation includes activities from softwaredeployment or installation to parameterization,integration, testing, and stabilization. Post-implementation includes maintenance activities: upgrading, new-release management, and evolution maintenance. Figure -ERP Life cycle Source: (Aloini et al. 2007) As shown in the diagram above, the resources to be deployed during the implementation and post-implementation phases are higher than at the strategic planning phase. Various risk management strategies have to be put in place at each stage. However, there is a higher risk of failure during the implementation and post implementation phase. 2.3-ERP Risk Factors ERP projects raise new questions because they represent a new type of management challenge. The management approaches for these projects may be altogether different from the managerial approaches for traditional IT projects. ERP projects may represent new challenges and present new risk factors that have to be handled differently. Anenterprise-wide projectis of large-scale and commercial with unique challenges and is a risky exercise for any size of enterprise. 2.3.1-General Risk Factors Business Risks The identification of risks in information systems projects has been the subject of much research (Jiang et al., 1996; Zmud, 1980). A portfolio approach for managing software development risk was discussed by McFarlan (1981). Prior research has looked at risk from a technological perspective (Anderson and Narasumhan, 1979) or from a software development perspective (Barki, et al. 1993). Jiang and Klein (1999) examined risk as it related to a multidimensional concept of information success that included satisfaction with the development process, satisfaction with system use, satisfaction with system quality, and their impact of the information system on the organization. 2.3.2-Lack of alignment between strategy and business processes The lack of alignment between the organization strategy, structure, and processes and the chosen ERP application is one risk that is repeatedly identified in the literature is(Davenport, 1998; 2000)). Both the business process reengineering literature (Hammer, 1990; Hammer and Champy, 1993)and the ERP literature suggests that an ERP system alone cannot improve the company performance unless an organization restructures its operational processes (Bingi et al., 1999; Davenport, 1998; Davenport, 2000). Further, theERP implementation project must be a business initiative. This requires the organization to gain strategic clarity (i.e., know the business, how it delivers value, etc.) and a constancy of purpose. Finally, an outcomes orientation is required to achieve these goals. 2.3.10-Inadequate Business Process Reengineering (BPR) Often, packaged software is incompatible with theorganizations needs and business processes. Theconsequence is software modification, which isexpensive and costs heavily in maintenance, or restructuring of the organizations business processes to fit the software. According to IBM, its Method Blue, a deep analysis of process business value and performances is necessary to prioritize activities to be supported by ERP. To neglect business processes redesign is a risk in ERP project; ERP implementation and BPR activities. ERP packages offer many business practices that might be included as part of a BPR, but there is still likely to be a need for continuous process improvement. 2.3.11- Ineffective project management techniques The inadequate use of project management techniques significantly affects ERP project success. Project management activities span the first four stagesof the ERP life cycle from initiating the project to its closing. Project planning and control are a function of the project characteristics, including its size, experience with the technology, and the stability and experience of the IT development group. Risk management in particular is a vital procedure of advanced (goal directed) project management. Some ERP vendors, such as SAP and Baan, provide methodologies and applications to help conduct successful risk management. These tools can be used to drive change management; the system calculates the risks and provides mitigation strategies for the project manager. 2.3.12-Data Migration The problem of data migration begins when organisations overlook the challenge of populating it with legacy data and the data migration activity is left to the last minute and end up dropping data from the legacy system straight into the new system.   A lot of planning has to go into it even before you actually start preparing the Migration scripts.Lot of organizations complain that they have migrated the data which probably would not go along with the new ERP they have implemented. This happens when Data Mapping is not done with the new ERP and the other sources.  Another problem which pulls down the Data Migration Project is Lack of Methodology. The Organizations do not have the concrete Methodology like they do have for the ERP Implementation. 2.3.9. Low key user involvement User involvement is important in meeting expectations. Key users should be convinced of the system utility; moreover they must be confident and expert so that they can aid future users in training sessions. Usercommitment and a project champion (who has the vision to get the project going and pushes for the project to be accepted where there are competing priorities) are useful in the early stages of the project and during the implementation phase. 2.3.3-Project Complexity/System Design Another major risk is project complexity (see, for example, Barki, et al. 1993). An ERP system implementation involves relatively large expenditures for the acquisition of the hardware, software, implementation costs, consulting fees and training costs (Davenport, 2000; Mckie, 1998), and can last for an extended period of time. Also, an ERP system implementation project has a wider scope compared to most other information system implementations, and may cause a significant number of changes within an organization (Davenport, 2000). The scope and the complexity of the project are a source of significant business risk 2.3.13-Planning and Requirements Analysis Top management involvement is critical, while only top managers are equipped to act as the mediator between the imperative of the technology and the imperative of the organization. One of the tasks of top management is to assist in project review meetings. According to the purpose of project review meetings is to assess progress and identify areas of deviations from the plan so that corrective action can be taken. The author also states that project review meetings provide visibility to plans and progress and create opportunities for obtaining and enforcing commitments from the participants. ERP solutions, when implemented properly, take a long time to get off the ground. ERP has to be properly selected, evaluated and tested, implemented and then used for a period of time before any clear positive results may be seen. It can become a very risky situation if the company isnt fully committed to seeing the entire process through. 2.3.15 -Security Risks The continued integration of enterprise resource planning software only increases the risk of both hackers who break through perimeter security and insiders who abuse system privileges to misappropriate assets namely cash through acts of fraud. Security in the e-business, integrated enterprise resource planning (ERP) world requires a new way of thinking about security not just about the bits and bytes of network traffic, but about business transactions that inflict financial losses from systems-based fraud, abuse and errors. The ERP market has matured to a point where heightened competition has brought declining sales. As a result, ERP vendors are committed to bundling new functionality, such as CRM and Web services-based architecture, to provide more value to their customers. Unfortunately, security remains an afterthought. 2.4-Critical Success Factors in ERP Implementation (CSF) There are various issues that need to be catered for during the pre-implementation, implementation and post-implementation phase of an ERP system. The idea of critical success factors is one that is well established in the field of enterprise systems for many aspects of development and management. 2.4.1-Top Management Support It is important that there is clear, executive level support for the project, and that this support continues throughout the project. Top management is expected to provide support in the areas of committing to the ERP project, sufficient financial and human resource and the resolution of the political problems if necessary. Limited support in terms of financing can contribute to a rushed ERP implementation process, project team members being overloaded and a high staff turnover. Insufficient commitment could lead to political problems which can hinder the implementation progress, thus causing poor Business Process Re-engineering. 2.4.2-Project Management ERP implementation is challenging, costly, and risky. Consequently, to achieve the desired benefits, the ERP system implementation must be carefully managed and monitored. It is in this respect that project management becomes crucial for success. Project management deals with various aspects of the project, such as planning, organization, information system acquisition, personnel selection, and management and monitoring of software implementation suggested that the project management is a practiced system necessary to govern a project and to deliver quality products. 2.4.3-Change Management Change management is a critical success factor, in terms of adopting an ERP system, as activities, processes, and methodologies that support employee understanding and organisational shifts during the implementation of ERP systems and reengineering initiatives. Many ERP implementation failures have been caused by the lack of focus on the soft issues, pointed out that almost half of ERP projects fail to achieve expected benefits because managers underestimate the efforts involved in change management. The management of change has become an increasingly urgent issue in all organisations due to the impact of new technology. 2.4.4-Education and Training ERP systems are extremely complex systems and demand rigorous training. Installing an ERP software package without adequate end-user preparation could yield to drastic consequences. Inadequate or lack of training has been one of the most significant reasons of many ERP systems failure (Kelley, et al., 1999; Gupta, 2000). In ERP implementation process many projects fail in the end despite of millions of dollars and hundreds of hours due to lack of proper training. Usually the end-user can get used to the ERP system within one year. One of the earlier researchers, Ang, et al. (1994) found that lack of training led to difficulties in MRP systems implementation. A thorough training program is necessary to make the user comfortable with the system. This factor is too often ignored. It is a challenge for a company implementing such a system to find an appropriate plan for the training and education of the end-user. In most cases, consultants are included during implementation process, and while all the aspects of the system should be explained and transferred the end-users, the main goal of ERP training is that the users understand the various business processes behind the ERP application (Majed Al-Mashari, et al 2003). 2.4.5-User Involvement User involvement refers to the participation of the user during the process of an ERPimplementation. The functions of the ERP system rely on the user to use the systemafter going live, but the user is also a significant factor in the implementation. (Zhang, et al. 2002) Resistance to new ERP system may be involving the user early on while the project isstill being defined, since the user has then also contributed to this decision. Byparticipating in the ERP implementation, the user can understand the new system soonerand give feedback from his or her own point of view. This method can shorten the gapbetween the old and new systems and make easier for the user to cope with the newsystem. Since the user understands some of the ideas sooner, the training is more easilyaccepted. The experienced users who take part in implementation can also communicatewith the newcomers. Another benefit of involving some users early on is that itfacilitates in-house expert training. In the long-run the company may not be willing orable to rely on consultants or vendors because of the expensive consulting cost. Earlyusers are a good resource if it becomes necessary to train experts in the future. 2.5- Risk Management in ERP Implementation To minimize the risk of the ERP project, the application of a risk management plan at different ERP implementation project stages, selection, implementation, and usage is crucial. A planned and systematically adopted risk management procedure throughout the ERP project reduces the possibility to risks occurring. 2.5.2-Enterprise Risk Management Enterprise risk management (ERM) in business includes the methods and processes used by organizations to manage risks and seize opportunities related to the achievement of their objectives. ERM provides a framework for risk management, which typically involves identifying particular events or circumstances relevant to the organizations objectives (risks and opportunities), assessing them in terms of likelihood and magnitude of impact, determining a response strategy, and monitoring progress. Enterprise risk management enables management to effectively deal with uncertainty and associated risk and opportunity, enhancing the capacity to build value. ERM encompasses the below elements: Aligning risk appetite and strategy Management considers the entitys risk appetitein evaluating strategic alternatives, setting related objectives, and developingmechanisms to manage related risks. Enhancing risk response decisions Enterprise risk management provides the rigor toidentify and select among alternative risk responses risk avoidance, reduction, sharing, and acceptance. Reducing operational surprises and losses Entities gain enhanced capability to identify potential events and establish responses, reducing surprises and associated costs or losses. Identifying and managing multiple and cross-enterprise risks Every enterprise faces a myriad of risks affecting different parts of the organization, and enterprise risk management facilitates effective response to the interrelated impacts, and integrated responses to multiple risks. Seizing opportunities By considering a full range of potential events, management ispositioned to identify and proactively realize opportunities. Improving deployment of capital Obtaining robust risk information allows management to effectively assess overall capital needs and enhance capital allocation.