Coffee s Effect On The Global Balance Of Power - 1292 Words

16. Describe coffee’s effect on the global balance of power (in terms of commerce). Coffee has not only impacted the world socially, but it provides financial means for many countries who export their coffee beans. Just like any alcohol, coffee was a major economic item and it helped the economy grow in many different places. 17. How did coffee play a pivotal role in the scientific revolution? Before coffee there were two choices for hydration - water or alcoholic beverage. The water was not purified so it often made people sick. The alcohol would purify the beverage but made everyone drunk. Coffee, boiling water actually, gave a new source of fluids that was not alcoholic, was not full of microbes, and the caffeine gave a little kick. This discovery allowed scientists to look inside the creation and process of making coffee, and played a role in the scientific revolution. 18. How did coffee play a role in the â€Å"financial revolution†? The new drink of coffee and the shops in the City of London where it was commonly sold became the furnaces of the financial revolution. Wealthy, influential men met in these coffee shops and began to trade in stock and shares, and, famously, insurance. Lloyd s of London, the world s largest insurance market, began in Edward Lloyd s coffee shop. As stated earlier, many of the drinks listed in this book are huge economic items, and always give the local economy a good boost. 19. How did coffee play a role in the French Revolution? PeopleShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Coffee On The Global Balance Of Power987 Words   |  4 Pages2. Why was it so important to Europe s development that many people s beverage of choice switched from alcohol to coffee? ï  ¬ Coffee makes the drinker more alert and, therefore, more productive. It sharpens the mind and focuses the drinker. Alcohol has the opposite effects. 3. Describe coffee s effect on the global balance of power (in terms of commerce). ï  ¬ Coffee had lots of demand, but little supply. The country that could grow and export the most coffee had a substantial economic advantage overRead MoreThe Globalization Of Coffee : The Positive Impact Of Globalization1561 Words   |  7 Pagesfields of business, the coffee industry is been impacted equally directly and indirectly. Some corporations have taken such a simple product and turned into an everyday life. According with the article â€Å"Coffee days† (2011), cheap chain coffee shops have significantly changed the social space. Globalization impacts all aspects of the coffee supply chain since the consumption of coffee in the developed world influences those in the developing world. It is obvious that the global coffee consumption is beneficialRead MoreAnalysis Of Porter s 5 Competitive Forces Strategic Analysis834 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis is the assessment of the status and prospects of development of the most important from the point of view of the comp any, facilities and environmental factors: industry, markets, suppliers, and the set of global environmental factors to which the company may not have a direct effect, or is it limited impact. Porter’s 5 competitive forces Strategic Analysis Model was described by Michael Porter in 1979. Michael Porter with five structural unit’s characteristic of each industry, it describesRead MoreNext Comes The Problems Of Financial And Farming Dimensions1169 Words   |  5 Pagesfarm subsidies. The farmers living in the southern had a 30 percent collapse of farming goods. In the 1990’s,USA and Europe retained subsides. Two million mexican campesinos lost their farms due to subsidized corn from the north. Along with this about thirty million people had to face losing their land. The U.S. had to also face competition in dealing with Mexico’s and Canada’s imports.The Power of agribusiness began to raise and companies were using foreign stocks to sell transported agriculturalRead MoreA Company Cool Cafe From 80 Collins Street Melbourne1210 Words   |  5 PagesCollins Street Melbourne in Victoria. The cafà © is famous for its signature products of gourmet coffee and homemade desserts.Cool Cafe provides a cosy and enjoyable dining environment for its customers. The cafà © has its signature products of sandwiches, cakes, deserts, coffee drinks and soups. The cafà © aims to offer the Malvern local community through providing the best sandwiches, cakes, de serts, coffee drinks and soups which satisfy the customer needs and expectations of either being in a hurry orRead MoreThe Reasons for Global Inequality1428 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Global Inequality Global Inequality has been and will remain to be an ever pressing issue of concern across many subjects and specifically that of economics. The industrial revolution and globalization are great catalysts to why some nations are so rich and others so poor as they allowed for competition and specialization. There are many other factors as to why certain nations are poor and others rich, arguably historical reasons, structural reasons, abundance of resources and fops, lack of diversificationRead MoreBrazil Research Paper3949 Words   |  16 PagesThe beginning of Brazils economy started when Portugal colonized the country that is known today as Brazil. The Portuguese were in search of vast riches and they got their first taste of earnings around the 1540’s. With the popularity of sugar cane growing in Europe, the Portuguese quickly started an agricultural enterprise in their colony. The Portuguese took advantage of the Dutch through their commercial skills and financing; in ord er to quickly get a foothold and build a small sugar monopolyRead MoreClimate Change Is Affected By Cars1704 Words   |  7 Pagesthe experts when they provide them with information. According to Tori Jennings Climate change mitigation is too reduce or prevent a future global climate change (Jennings, 2011). For example, when global warming was first talked about by experts, they had mentioned that factories and cars should be used less because pollution would have an effect on global warming. According to Palmer, Climate change is affected by cars because of the pollution vehicles create. Some toxins that are released byRead MoreStarbucks Marketing Audit2228 Words   |  9 Pagesmarketing strategies to facilitate business growth. Starbucks Starbucks, a key performer in the gourmet coffee sector and also in the specialty Eateries industry is segmented in the service industry. Starbucks was first introduced in Seattle, Washington USA in 1985, and then worldwide. Starbucks specialises in brewed coffee, hot chocolate, espresso – based drink, teas, frappuccinos and fruit smoothies. From 2008 onwards Starbucks owned over 16,226 stores worldwideRead MoreSituational Analysis of Starbucks13207 Words   |  53 Pagesand internal analysis. At first we discover the history of Starbucks and how influence grew into a huge success. Then, upon the external analysis, we discover more on the coffee industry as a whole. We explore on how the roles of the General environment are dissected as the competing grounds for the coffee industry. Then, we delve into the driving forces and decipher what moves the rivals into competition. Upon the industry analysis, we move into the intricate details of market growth

The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights - 1708 Words

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, states that everyone has the right to education despite race, religion, color, sex, national origin, ethnic origin, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights, yet millions of children and even adults throughout the world are left uneducated. Seven-hundred and eighty-five million adults worldwide are threatened by illiteracy alone. That translates to one in every five people who lack basic reading skills and two-thirds of this population is made up of women. Poverty, discrimination, and inequality, are key reasons as to why individuals don’t receive a good education or any education at all. Education is a fundamental human right that promotes†¦show more content†¦80% of them are in developing countries and nine out of ten of them do not attend school. 11% of all children in the world are working instead of learning due specifically to child laboring practices, but also to h elp support the family and bring in income (â€Å"Ten Reasons Why Children†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). However, if this is not the case, it is still a hassle to come up with the money to pay school fees, buy uniforms, and school supplies. The average cost of education per student increased from $3,400 in 1965 to $8,745 in 2001 and almost 70% of families removed certain schools as a choice because of costs compared to the 58% who did so in 2008 (â€Å"Fewer Parents Can Pay...†). By reducing the cost for a parent to send their child to school, the benefits of schooling become more prevalent and most parents will choose a better future for their children and send them to school. After abolishing school fees in Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, enrollment increased from 3.4 million to 5.7 million students in Uganda in 1996; from 5.9 million to 7.2 million in Kenya in 2003; and from 1.5 million to 3 million in Tanzania in 2002 all within the first year (â€Å"The Case For†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). On the other hand, most schools are publicly funded through the government and these funds come from taxes paid by the people, but because of impoverishment the amount of funding that goes towards education is hardly ever enough. Annual expenditures per full-time student for elementary and secondary education in the United

Perspective vs. Prospective How to Choose the Right Word

The words perspective and prospective are similar, and they share the same root,  a Latin word meaning to look. The different prefixes (per- and pro-), however, result in different meanings. The prefix per- means thoroughly or completely, while the prefix pro- means before in place or time, or a look forward. How to Use Perspective In a general sense, the noun perspective refers to an attitude, an outlook, a set of ideals, a point of view, or a context. In drawing, painting, and photography, however, it refers to a way of portraying (1) three-dimensional spatial relationships on a two-dimensional surface, (2) the angle from which something is viewed, and (3) the proper appearance of objects in relation to each other. The word came into Middle English from the Latin word perspectivus, meaning to look through. How to Use Prospective The adjective prospective is future oriented. It means likely or expected to happen or become in the future—in short, a likely outcome. The word comes from prospectivus (note the different prefix), a Latin term meaning to look toward the future. Examples Using Perspective These sample sentences using perspective will help illustrate the words meanings: The movie retells the Frankenstein myth from the perspective of the creature. Here perspective means an outlook or point of view.The artist often used perspective to give depth to her street scenes. In this example, the word means an artistic way of adding a third dimension to a two-dimensional work.Studying history can help put the problems of our own time into perspective.This use of perspective means put into context. Examples Using Prospective These sentences are examples of the future-looking meaning of prospective: Stricter requirements for prospective parents have made international adoptions more difficult in recent years. This example and the one below illustrate the use of prospective to indicate a likely outcome and a view of a potential future.Sharon was lost in thought, evaluating Brian as a prospective husband, before agreeing to see him again. Idiomatic Uses of Perspective Here are some idioms, or expressions using a word such as perspective that are recognized as having different meanings from the literal definition of the word, plus some examples employing them: The expression to put something in or into perspective means to look at a subject in a broader context to gain a fair and accurate understanding of it. Arthurs goal was to put the drastic change being proposed for the companys office building into perspective so the team could understand it.The expression from my perspective means the way I see it or from my point of view. From my perspective, taking a year off after college would be great for my future. How to Remember the Difference One way to remember the distinction between the two words is to recall that people going prospecting are searching for gold that they expect to find in the future. So a miner who sets out for the first time is a prospective gold miner. Sources Perspective vs. prospective. https://grammarist.com/usage/prospective-perspective/.Prospective vs. Perspective: What’s the Difference? https://writingexplained.org/prospective-vs-perspective-difference.Perspective or Prospective. http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000293.htm.

The Use of First Person Narration in The Cask of Amontillado

The Use of First Person Narration in The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe’s tale of murder and revenge, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, offers a unique perspective into the mind of a deranged murderer. The effectiveness of the story is largely due to its first person point of view, which allows the reader a deeper involvement into the thoughts and motivations of the protagonist, Montresor. The first person narration results in an unbalanced viewpoint on the central conflict of the story, man versus man, because the reader knows very little about the thoughts of the antagonist, Fortunato. The setting of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, in the dark catacombs of Montresor’s wine cellar, contributes to the story’s theme that some people will go†¦show more content†¦The first person perspective allows the audience only to learn basic information about the antagonist, Fortunato, and results in a very skewed perspective on the conflict of man versus man. The conflict centers around the pride and honor of two men, and the lengths that one of the men will go to in order to defend his honor to the other. Fortunato is portrayed as a conceited and arrogant man whose weaknesses are enhanced by the fact that he has had too much to drink. The conflict between the two men is somewhat one-sided because it is probable that Fortunato was ignorant of the fact that a serious conflict existed between himself and Montresor until the very end of his life. What one man likely viewed as a friendly rivalry, the other took as a justification for murder. This story has an absence of the man versus self conflict which is generally found in a first person story because the narrator, Montresor, is completely certain of himself and never has an inner conflict doubting his actions. The dark and eerie tone of the murder story and its unusual setting contribute to the story’s theme of defense of one’s honor and avenging wrongdoing. The haughtiness and conceited attitudes of the two men create an extension of this theme in which Poe wants to show how far some men will go when they receive a blow to the ego. The story’s setting in theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1140 Words   |  5 PagesKawanda Garner Ms. Roesch ENC 1102 29 April 2016 Main Character Narration and Its Effects The first –person narration style of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is vital in creating the quality of the story. The story allows one of the main characters in the story Montresor, to tell the story from his point of view which gives the reader intimate yet disturbing look into the mind story teller thinks and feels which the reader doesn’t normally get from other narrative styles. The narrative style of thisRead MoreGothic Literature : The Dark Side Of Romanticism1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe theme of Gothic stories is either mysterious, horror, or even death. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are authors that demonstrate Gothic literature. Some of their work include, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe and â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Cask of Amontillado tells how the narrator Montresor seeks revenge on his acquaintance, Fortunato. Montresor to desperate measures and did not catch. However, in à ¢â‚¬Å"The Birthmark†, Aylmer, a scientist has become obsessedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1109 Words   |  5 PagesThe first –person narration style of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is vital in creating the quality of the story. The story allows one of the main characters in the story Montresor, to tell the story from his point of view which gives the reader intimate yet disturbing look into the mind story teller thinks and feels which the reader doesn’t normally get from other narrative styles. The narrative style of this story is important because it sets the tone of the story. The reader become more familiarRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allan Poe And The Yellow Wallpaper Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesoffer their own interpretations to the story being told. Unreliable narration is valuable to the reader and satisfying to the author because the audience must look beyond what the narrator is portraying and view all the elements of the read to understand the author s message. The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are great examples of unreliable narration. The Cask of Amontillado, Poe tells the story through the eyes and voice of the characterRead MoreEssay on Point of View on the Cask Bridge1030 Words   |  5 Pagesof entertainment have been taking full advantage of the benefits brought on by an audience being dealt a limited field of vision for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Prior to the advent of film and theater, the best place to find this method in use was literature. The origin of the point of view in literature can be traced back to the earliest forms of literature, where much of what was dictated and recorded was recounted from life experiences. It is of no surprise to most that the idea of pointRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado1231 Words   |  5 PagesHunter Mrs. Laszik ENGL 1302.001 27 Oct 2017 The Cask of Amontillado One of the most memorable short stories by the American writer, mainly known for his gothic literature â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, written by Edgar Allan Poe is short story about revenge against an â€Å"old friend† who betrayed another. This strong expression of gothic literature through the drastic change of settings and surroundings. Also, the main character’s, Montressor, narration of the story that he has kept to himself for halfRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1086 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is narrated in the first person which is essential to creating the authentic aspect of the story. Montresor who is a sensible killer is the narrator, this grants the narration of the story from his own point of view. The reader obtains an exclusive, alarming glance into the peaceful composure of Montresor’s mind. The reader can certainly detect, examine, and identify how Montresor feels and thinks. Readers norma lly do not get this particular view in other literature. OneRead MoreThe Graphic Adaptation of The Cask of Amontillado1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe Graphic Adaptation of The Cask of Amontillado Illustrated by Joe Sacco Overview and Thesis: Joe Sacco, born October 2, 1960, is an American journalist and illustrator who is well known for his art-comics, most notably being Palestine: Refugeeland. Refugeeland recounts Sacco’s experience in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, highlighting the difficult and unpleasant conditions that the Palestinian people were facing regarding the Israeli occupation of Palestine and the Gulf War in the earlyRead More The Paradox of Revenge in Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe Paradox of Revenge in Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado ?The Cask of Amontillado? raises a question pertaining to the multiple character of the self (Davidson 202); Can harmony of ones self be restored once primal impulses have been acted upon? This question proposes the fantasy of crime without consequence (Stepp 60). Edgar Allan Poe uses first person point of view, vivid symbolism and situational irony to show that because of mans inner self, revenge is ultimately not possibleRead MoreThe Theme of Revenge in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a frightening and entertaining short story about the severe consequences that result from persistent mockery and an unforgiving heart. Poe’s excellent use of Gothicism within the story sets the perfect tone for a dark and sinister plot of murder to unfold. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† simply overflows with various themes and other literary elements that result from Poe’s Gothi c style of writing. Of these various themes, one that tends to dominant the story

Divine command theory Free Essays

string(63) " simply because a Divine Being ordained that killing is wrong\." The most basic difference in divine command theory and Immanuel Kant’s moral theory is where the founding principle comes from. Kant argues that as rational creatures with the ability for autonomous thought and action, we can rationally determine the morality of any situation. Divine command theory requires that humans ascertain the will of God to know the difference between right and wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Divine command theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now In large part the two theories overlap and many who promote divine command theory would argue that Kant simply did not take his explanation far enough. They would argue that had he determined the source of rationality, i.e. the theory that God endowed His creation will freewill and autonomy, then he would see that even the rational choice theory of morality leads back to divine intervention. However, Kant argued that it is impossible using rational arguments to determine if God exists or not. We can, however, argue rationally that humans are rational beings and capable of autonomous action. Therefore, we can argue that autonomous beings have the rational capability of determining a guiding moral principle. Kant’s theory argues that the moral principle which guides life should be determined in a vacuum, absent of the facts. This was his way of arguing against situational ethics. A guiding principle, the basics of morality, should be determined based solely on rational thought and then, once the principle is established, the facts of the situation may be applied to the moral principle and the appropriate action, the answer to the question, †What ought I to do?†,   can be determined. Kant’s theory requires the identification of the categorical imperative that is essential to living a moral life. Morality is determined by the one rationally determined categorical imperative. If then an action seems within the situation as though it will not be compatible with the categorical imperative, then it is morally wrong and there is no justifying it or changing things around to make it okay.   For example, if the rationally determined categorical imperative is that murder is wrong, then it is wrong. This is actually a form of the argument many people use in opposing the death penalty. They argue that it cannot be morally justified to kill someone even if it is being done because he killed someone else. Their categorical imperative is that it is irrational to kill another person. This person should also then be a conscientious objector as there is no circumstance under which killing is not morally wrong. Under diving command theory, the order of God that â€Å"thou shalt not kill† would be an equally definitive moral compass, except that the God’s commands are rarely that direct. One of the biggest criticisms of divine command theory is that it does not indicate how one is to determine what God’s command is. Many point to the scriptures, but those vary, sometimes greatly among translations and faiths. In centuries past, many believed in the divine rule of kings as God’s voice on earth. Therefore, if the King commanded it, it was the word of God as well and since many of these kings sent men into battle in direct opposition to the commandment against killing, the theory of divine command is weakened by the need to identify God or His commands. Even extending into the modern day, the Pope is considered by Catholics to be the voice of God. Is the word of the Pope then the moral guide for the divine command theory? And, the seemingly contradictory messages of the Bible (or other scriptures) become a much greater problem. If we are basing our morality on God’s command, but His words are unclear, how can morality become clear? Ultimately, the difference between right and wrong in the two theories is potentially huge. Under the divine command theory, anything that God commands can be considered right and anything contrary to God’s command is wrong.   With Kant’s theory, wrong is defined as being immoral and immorality is irrational. Therefore, any act which is irrational could be considered morally wrong.   Thus the two theories can lead to very different conclusions in the exact same case. Essentially, the difference between the two is that though Kant argued that moral theory should be determined in the absence of facts, it is not hard and fast and allows for some circumstantial ethics. The simple problem with divine command theory is that if it relies on scriptures as God’s command, it is clear cut with no room for interpretation. Why then would man be capable of rational thought if there were no rationality needed? With divine command theory any creature that can understand simple commands could be taught to obey the law and the creation of a species capable of rational thought would be unnecessary. Likewise, the problem with moral theory is that it does not have clear cut right and wrong. By arguing that the requisite is rational action, Kant has made it possible for anything to be rationally justified even perhaps the greatest of moral wrongs including murder or even genocide, if the reasoning were sound. Because of the difference in their application, the two theories can be applied with completely different outcomes. For instance, assume that a man is walking through the woods late in the evening and sees a man attacking a woman whom he knows to be virtuous (just to make it clear she is the victim here). Because the attacker is in such a rage, the only manner that the observer has to prevent him from killing the innocent is to kill the attacker. If we use the divine command theory to determine our course of action, harkening back to the Ten Commandments and â€Å"Thou Shalt Not Kill†, the observer is left with no action that he can take to prevent the death of an innocent woman. Under Kant’s moral theory, it is completely irrational for the observer to allow an innocent to be killed simply because a Divine Being ordained that killing is wrong. You read "Divine command theory" in category "Essay examples" Therefore, under the Kant theory, the observer would be wholly justified in killing the attacker. He would be doing the right thing. While clearly not all moral obligations and decisions would ever be this clear cut, this example illustrates where the two theories diverge drastically. It is precisely this type of scenario which leads me to support Kant’s moral theory over the theory of divine command. The theory of divine command relies on the existence of a Supreme Being and the knowledge of His will in personal action. Like Kant, I am not certain that we can determine if God exists, much less what His divine command would be. In a different age, divine command theory as method of determining morality made perfect sense. The king, ruling with diving right, could ordain the divine commands of his nation and the law would therefore be good, but as we have entered the age of reason and science, the theory of divine command falls short. It does not offer any guidance on issues that were not conceived of when the Bible or other scriptures were written. Unless one accepts that the Pope is the direct conduit to God’s will left on earth, how could on determine what the divine command theory would be on an issue like cloning and therefore what the morality might be. Some religious people might say that cloning is wrong because it attempts to subvert God’s role in creation, but where in the Scripture does it say ‘thou shalt not clone’?   And, if we accept the argument that God did not intend for man to interfere in the creation process, should we not then find in vitro fertilization and even breeding controls on animals to be contrary to God’s law?   The simple failing of the divine command theory is that it does not reach into the modern age and allow moral decisions appropriate to the times in which we live. Kant’s theory on the other hand is perfect for the age of reason, probably based on the time frame in which it was being developed.   When the means test of rationality is applied, virtually any decision can be made, often in the style of Kant’s writings about common sense. For example, the rational mind can identify the moral ambiguity of cloning, especially cloning of a rational being. With all consciousness of thought, we can determine that creating that which we do not understand may be wrong. We can also rationally determine that choosing to mate specific animals in hopes of getting a particular set of genetic traits or implanting an embryo into a uterus is not an evil act simply because it involves creation. Even those who believe in the existence of a Supreme Being cannot argue why a God that is â€Å"good† and benevolent would object to the use of scientific advances to prolong life and to assist the natural process of procreation. As a further example of this, consider the use of nuclear weapons. Though we can default to the idea that thou shalt not kill as divine command argument against the use of the weapon, the argument falls short when we realize that man has been commanded to kill hundreds of times throughout history in God’s name. However, when we consider the discussion of nuclear weapons using Kant’s theory, we can determine that the use of nuclear weapons on any widespread basis is irrational and therefore immoral and therefore wrong. The rational arguments against the weapons are plentiful: they destroy every living creature for miles, they destroy the land making it uninhabitable for years, and the radiation spread cannot be controlled, leading to countless additional injuries, illnesses and deaths. Ultimately, both theories come to the same conclusion, but Kant’s theory provides a better argument supporting the cause. Objectors will say that the problem with Kant’s theory is that humans have the capacity to act irrationally and therefore immorally. That irrationality negates the concept of a rational test of morality. This argument is flawed in that it is based on a premise which we call mental illness. In American society at least, when a person has lost the ability to tell the difference between right and wrong, we determine that they are mentally ill. This means even our system of psychology is based loosely on Kant’s premise that we are rational creatures, capable of autonomous action. Furthermore, nothing in theory would ever preclude a person from acting in a manner contrary to their moral theory. It is completely possible for a person to know an action is morally wrong and do it anyway. Sometimes, they will make attempts to justify the actions in their own minds or to others, but even the great majority of criminals can acknowledge that there is a significant difference between right and wrong even while they are choosing the wrong option. This is the reason that the American legal system recognizes mitigating factors, those excuses for why it was okay to do the wrong thing. We understand that the rational mind can also try to reason out doing what it desires. Critics of Kant’s theory would also argue that there are no simple clear cut definitions of right and wrong. That is correct. There aren’t. Ethics and morality are situational, no matter what people want to say or believe. It can be as simple as believing that a little white lie is occasionally okay (Do you really want to tell your mother her new dress looks hideous?) or as extreme as a blatant attempt to manipulate society and yourself that murder is justifiable. Regardless, Kant would argue that the theory holds true. Rational beings know that these actions are wrong and society, which is not a rational being, has dictated that we are allowed to act otherwise. How to cite Divine command theory, Essay examples

Comparing and Applying Theories of Development free essay sample

Let’s take a look at all three and compare some of their similarities, as well as a few differences and then we can look at how these and other theories are used to analyze and evaluate the development of a child. Sigmund Freud was a pioneer of his field. His Psychoanalytic theory was the first theory of modern psychology. Although some of Freud’s ideas have been discarded, most of them still influence the world of psychology today. According to Freud, human development is shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior (Paplia Olds, et al, 2006). Our awareness of the world around us is stored in our conscious mind; and our unconscious mind stores painful repressed memories, urges, feelings, or thoughts which is difficult to access. Freud believed that personalities consist of three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id dwells in the unconscious part of our mind and is responsible for our pleasure principle. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Applying Theories of Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The superego also dwells mostly in the unconscious mind and is accountable for our knowledge of right and wrong. Accountable for our reality pleasure is our ego, which is located in our conscious mind and is what we use to mediate our deepest selfish desires with the outside world. â€Å"According to Freud, an individual’s behavior is a result of all three interacting with one another, working together as a team under the leadership of the ego. † (Roeckelein, 1998) For instance, when a teenager desires to skip school so they he can party with his friends, his superego tells him that he will get in trouble if he does, so his ego decides to go against skipping school, but makes plans to party with his riends that weekend so that his id is still satisfied. Freud also believed that children go through three different stages of personality development in the first 5-6 years of age called psychosexual stages. In each stage a child’s fulfillment shifts from oral to anal to genitals. If gratification is not achieved in any of these stages, the person will develop a fixation and end s up being stuck in that stage of development like in the case of smokers, whom according to Freud, have an oral fixation. Freud developed the idea that people create defense mechanisms such as displacement (a way in which one diverts their feelings of anger from the person whom caused the emotion to another person or object), compensation (overcoming feelings of inadequacy in one area by excelling at another), or rationalization (looking for suitable explanations to justify our behavior). They use these mechanisms in order to cope with stressful and painful experiences. (Witt Mossler, 2010) Erik Erickson was an apprentice of Sigmund Freud. He developed the Psychosocial Theory of development. He also believed that the unconscious mind influenced behavior; however, he opposed the sexual aspect of development. According to his theory there are nine stages of human development. Trust vs. mistrust which occurs between birth and about 1 year old. The child must learn to trust his or her parents, but must be balanced with a sensible amount of mistrust so as not to become naive. The virtue learned is hope. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is the second stage which occurs between the ages of 1-3 years old. Next is initiative vs. guilt which is usually occurs in 3-5 year olds. Children in middle childhood go through the industry vs. nferiority stage which begins around the age of 5 and continues until adolescence around 12 years old; and teenagers fall into the identity vs. confusion stage. Those in the intimacy vs. isolation are young adults between the ages of 18-25. Generativity vs. stagnation is the stage for older adults and is characterized with the desire to give back. Most peo ple in this stage are between 25-65 year olds. Integrity vs. despair, and hope and faith vs. despair are the last two stages of life development, and they both are for those over the age of 65 years old. Each stage is like a test with a potential of passing or failing and the outcome f results is growth and a learned virtue or stagnation. A person will stay stuck in their current stage for however long it takes until the virtue is learned although there are accepted age approximations. (Witt Mossler, 2010) An example of stagnation is when a woman in her thirties still acts like a teenager. Jean Piaget, a psychologist from Switzerland, also believed in stages of development; however he focused on cognitive development, mostly in children. Although Piaget’s theory has received some criticism, mostly in regards to underestimating the cognitive development of children, he has influenced psychology in a enduring way. Piaget defines operational as a mental routine that transforms information so it can be used. Operational routines include the use of logic by classifying, subdividing, recognizing parts of a whole, counting, and reversibility. † (Witt Mossler, 2010) According to Piaget, certain behaviors occur only when children reach the appropriate maturational stage and that four of those stages exist: sensorimotor (birth-2 years old), preoperational (2-7 years old), concrete operational thought (7-12 years old), and formal operational thought (12+ years old). In each stage, a child will adapt to a new situation by using an inborn ability (Paplia Olds, et al, 2006) process in which we integrate new information into a pre-existing mental structure (building blocks of thinking as mental units) called schemes. (Mitchell, P. , 1992. p12) He called this process assimilation. Later if the child learns something new about a previous assimilation experience, the child adds the latest information to the current knowledge, modifying the current mental structure based on experiences. He called this adaption of knowledge accommodation. For instance, when a baby cries, he soon realizes that only his parent’s respond to his cry and not just anyone. There are three key concept similarities between Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory and Erik Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory. First of all, they both fall under the developmental perspective of psychoanalysis, which means that they both view development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. Additionally, they both believed that children go through stages of development and that each stage offers omething to learn in order to grow, or a danger of failure. Lastly, they both agree that when a stage is not mastered, its likely that they will be stuck in that stage of growth by developing a fixation according to Freud, and according to Erickson will be emotionally stagnant. In contrast, here are a few significant differences between Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory and Erik Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory. First o f all, the most noteworthy difference is Erickson’s departure from the sexual emphasis of development that so strongly influences Freud’s point of view. Although he agrees that unconscious mind influences personality development, he believed that heredity and the environment were more influential than sexual urges. Another major disagreement is that Freud believed that the genital stage begins during adolescence and continues throughout adulthood. Adults remain influenced sexually by their urge for genital gratification which is the driving force for all their afflictions compared to Erickson whom believed that human development is continuous, and that people go through four more stages of development after the adolescent stage. Furthermore, Erickson emphasized a possibility for a healthy ego development through the stages. It suggested that people have some control of their development, which unlike Freud, â€Å"believed that people spend their entire lives trying to conquer the demands of the id. † (Witt Mossler, 2010) There are also a few similarities between Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory and Piaget’s Cognitive Stage Theory. Once again, just like Erickson, Freud and Piaget agreed that development occurs in stages and both of them mostly focus on child development. Another similarity is that they also both have had a major impact on the field of psychology. Freud was the Father of modern psychology while Piaget remains the most influential cognitive psychologist. Also, their theories have both received considerable criticism, but they still continue to influence the world of psychology significantly. On the other hand, there are a number of differences between Psychoanalysis and the Cognitive Stage Theory. The main difference is that they both fall under different developmental psychological perspectives, so they actually view growth and maturity differently. Freud analyzes personality and emotional development; whereas, Piaget examines cognitive development. Another difference is that Freud emphasized sexual urges as the driving force for all humans, but Piaget believed that people were influenced by the current stage of their cognitive develop. Furthermore, Piaget did not recognize the unconscious mind influences that Freud considered. He favored observable, testable measurements in human development. Comparing similarities between Erik Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory and Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Stage Theory is a difficult task. The differences are much more apparent. The reason is because they fall under two separate perspectives in the field of psychology just like comparisons between Freud and Piaget. Nevertheless, a couple of agreements they both had are that heredity and environment are important in human development; and that life development occurs in stages. That is where the similarities end. The most obvious disagreements are parallel to the comparisons between Freud’s and Piaget’s theory. For instance, like Freud, Erickson studies personality and emotional development; while, Piaget tests cognitive development. In addition, Erickson and Freud believed that an immense amount of development is influenced by the unconscious mind, unlike Piaget whom does not validate the significance of the unconscious. The last difference is that Piaget’s theory focused on child development but Erickson’s theory included four more stages of human development which continues throughout adulthood. When analyzing the development of children, we can use the above theories, as well as others to predict the progress of the child, and compare them with other children in their age group. In order to help a child reach full potential, it is important that doctors, parents, and educators know the normal rate of development. This is estimated by using developmental theories, and then applying research based studies that test the accuracy of those theories. As a child grows and learns, an assessment of their abilities can determine what stage of development the child is in, and whether or not they are developing normally. If a child appears to be learning and growing at a slower rate than other children in that current theoretical stage, then ction can be taken to accommodate the child and give them more consideration through different programs that have been constructed for children with learning disabilities. However, if a child appears to be developing at a faster rate, then their gifts can be encouraged and cultivated through the utilization of accelerated enrichment programs. In order to consider a child’s development as correctly as possible, one must consid er all aspects of growth which includes cognitive, physical, and emotional characteristics of maturation. Physical development relates to the growth and maturity of the body and brain which includes the increase in motor skills and brain development. Cognitive development is associated with the progress of logic and reason and increases in vocabulary usage. Emotional development deals with the development of feelings and emotions, but also includes the development of morals and beliefs. Although each category examines distinct types of human development, they are not separate. For example, advances in cognitive abilities have been found to coincide with the child’s physical brain development and growth (like during brain growth spurts). Another instance is that a child’s physical maturity affects his/her emotional well being (like when an adolescent is a late bloomer, it can cause them to have a low self-esteem). As psychologists analyze a child’s development, they must take into account all three aspects of development because of their impact on each other and then apply them to the psychological theories of development in order to properly assess and encourage a child’s possible potential. Sigmund Freud was a patriarch of modern psychology and Jean Piaget remains the most influential cognitive psychologist. Comparisons of the three theories discover that they are all similar in some ways, but also can be vastly different. Although Piaget and Freud have received a considerable amount of criticism for their ideas and parts of their theories were eventually discarded, they both continue to have a significant influence on the world of Psychology today.

Impacts of the Printer

Question: Describe the impacts of the printer in the 'usage' stage and how its effects the economy only. Answer: Printer is a device that is used for printing the text on the paper. The life cycle of printers is as follows: The worlds first computer printer was invented in 19th century by Charles Babbage. Later with the new improvement in technology, then commercial printers like Electric typewriters and teletype machines were invented.[4] Among the most widely used systems, Line printer is the most used one due to its high speed. Dot matrix systems could print both text and graphics at relatively low quality output.[3] With the introduction of low cost printers by HP (the first HP laser Jet), there has been sudden increase in the sales of the printers. Due to its low cost and high performance, Printing has became much more easier. These laser printers with PostScript mixed text have made printing tasks much more simple. By 2000s, Many high quality printers had fallen under the price of $100 and these have become very common in sales. In 2001, Xerox was manufactured.[2] This could achieve 120 p pm. Later in 2010, 3D printing is also came into existence, this became an area of intense interest and it allows the creation of physical objects. The best economy printers are inkjet printers. These offer productive and economical printing as compared to laser printers. [1] The Printers greatly affected the economy. The printing was a creation that prompted the flourishment of exchange through all the Europe because of expanded demands. This was a reason for a more grounded economy.[4] Additionally, a less demanding approach to print books prompted more moderate books. Due to the printing of more great books, printers developed the business sector for books and also for printers to print these books. It has greatly strengthened the economy. Stores could now offer and purchase books all more quickly. The interest for books and daily papers likewise prompted more creations for printers to develop the economy. In conclusion, Printers turned into a substantial industry and prompted diverse organizations to move into vast loud manufacturing plants. References: Katarzyna Grzesik, Life Cycle Assessment of Printer , 2010. Justin Bousquin, Marcos Esterman, Sandra Rothenberg, Life cycle analysis in the printing industry: a review, 2011. What is Printer, https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/printer.html. Printer, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing) .